Emotional mechanisms

Or perhaps we should think of the situation in terms of emotional mechanisms in the sense of Chapter I Whether C mainly expresses anger towards A or envy towards B may depend on triggering factors that we have not yet identified. 

Fig. 1 Overall fit of the proposed model and path analysis of the latent constmcts. Note n = 180 observations, p < 0.05, p < 0.01. Institutional pressure GMP governmental pressure CMP customers pressure IGP inter-est group pressures CTP competitors pressures IP industrial pressures. >/i GSCM practices lEM internal environmental management GP green procurement CC collaboration with customers IWR investment in waste recycling ED ecological design. t)2 Top managers posture CM cognitive mechanism EM emotional mechanism...

Equation (C3.5.3) shows tire VER lifetime can be detennined if tire quantum mechanical force-correlation Emotion is computed. However, it is at present impossible to compute tliis Emotion accurately for complex systems. It is straightforward to compute tire classical force-correlation Emotion using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Witli tire classical force-correlation function, a quantum correction factor Q is needed 5,... 

Each emotion is likely to prove to be mediated by particular neural mechanisms (Ekman, 1994, p. 18). For example, feeding is (partly) controlled by the lateral hypothalamic area and ventromedial nucleus of the hypthalamus. This criterion for an emotion has been useful for distinguishing among the various types of aggression. Different neural... 

There are probably satiety and deprivation effects for all emotional modalities, so that the individual neither neglects nor obsesses over any one of them. Pugh (1977) explained that there should also be a tendency for each emotion to drift back toward the middle range of the scale, so that the individual does not become stuck at either extreme and hence become either complacent or despondent. Lewin et al. (1944) described a similar idea level of aspiration and level of attainment. The function of this mechanism seems to be to maintain the subject s effort by appropriate goal setting. 

One final mechanism that has recently shown promise for antidepressant effects appears distinct from all of the monoamine systems. A study published in 1998 demonstrated that a substance P antagonist (MK-869) had antidepressant effects in humans (Kramer et al. 1998). Substance P is localized to many areas of the brain that are involved in emotional processing, including the amygdala, dentate gyrus, subiculum, nucleus accumbens, striatum, locus coeruleus and periaqueductal grey (Kramer... 

Tolerance, sensitisation, craving, withdrawal and relapse may actually be more complicated than indicated above and may involve separate mechanisms which are too complex to summarise here (See Altman et al., 1996). Recent research on specific drugs of abuse is reviewed by several authors in a special issue of Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 13 169-219 (1992). However, the concept of addiction as "an emotional fixation. .. acquired through learning, which intermittently or continually expresses itself in a purposeful stereotyped behaviour with the character and force of a natural drive, aiming at a specific pleasure or the avoidance of specific discomfort (Bejerot, 1980) still broadly applies. 

The vomiting centre in the hypothalamus receives impulses from the chemo-effector trigger zone (CETZ) and from cortical centres such as emotional, visual and olfactory areas, and from peripheral sources, including the inner ear and gastrointestinal tract. While mainly muscarinic mechanisms operate at the vomiting centre, dopaminergic mechanisms predominate at the CETZ. The CETZ can be stimulated by a multitude of xenobiotics, including medicines. 

Bucan M, Abel T (2002) The mouse genetics meets behaviour. Nat Rev Genet 3 114-123 Cahill L, McGaugh JL (1998) Mechanisms of emotional arousal and lasting declarative memory. Trends Neurosci 21 294-299... 

Cahill J, McGaugh JL (1998) Mechanism of emotional arousal and lasting memory. Trends Nemosci 21 294-299... 

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