Emissions product outputs

Sector Allowance price scenario Emissions Physical production output EBITDA ... 

Ihe specific information used to provide estimates of activity levels varies with the emission source sector being examined. For utilities, fuel use is desired. For the industrial sector, information on fuel use alone is not adequate since many industrial process emissions do not result from fuel combustion. Usually, some approximation for product output, such as estimates of value added or earnings, is often used. For motor vehicle emissions, estimates of vehicle miles traveled is more useful than fuel use because most emissions are unrelated to vehicle efficiency, i.e., a small car emits about the same amount of pollution per mile as a larger car. 

Banking provisions Allowed (under condition of emission intensity improvement confirmed by reduction of unit CO2 emission per product output)... 

Tables 3 and 4 detail raw material and energy inputs to the plywood producing process, as well as product and co-product outputs from the process shown in Table 5 are all emissions to air, water, and ground. Results were generated in SimaPro 5.0.9 version 5 LCA software with the Franklin Database employed for LCI on fuel use, and electricity production burdens assuming production serving the Pacific Northwest region. Data shown in Table 5 are allocated total emissions, which include emissions for the production and delivery of electricity, fuel, and adhesives. Emissions for production of the phenolic adhesive were obtained from Athena . All other inputs and outputs were based on manufacturing plant surveys.

The lack of information on technological rules, concerning industrial wastes in particular, and on the former production outputs of warfare agents does not allow us to estimate the amount of pollutant emissions into the environment. 

Each scenario (Fig. 13.19) produces the full complement of products of all recovery processes in a given proportion. This approach makes the scenarios directly comparable on a given criterion (e.g., CO2 emissions), as their waste input and product output are the same. When, as in the simplified example, the various scenarios are compared with a reference scenario that produces all products by conventional means, the effects of the complementary processes are eliminated by subtraction. This considerably simplifies the calculation. As illustrated in Figure 13.20, comparing a given scenario with a conventional reference scenario reduces the comparison to the sum of ... 

Understanding of the technological process and identification of subprocesses are essential for proper ventilation design, especially when designing process ventilation but also in enclosure air technology. The purpose of process description is to identify possible emission sources, occupational areas, the effects of environmental parameters on production, needs for enclosure and ventilation equipment, etc. One purpose is to divide the process into parts such that their inputs and outputs (e.g., process, piping and duct connections, electricity, exposure) to environment can be defined. Parts here can he different departments, and inside them, subprocesses. See Fig. 3.4. 

Another problem of EGAs is that they are non-site-specific. The reasons for this lie in the fact that they include the whole life cycle of systems with resources which may originate in different countries and waste products and emissions which may distribute globally. They deal with factual inputs, outputs and the environmental impact potentials of the system under investigation on a global, and, in some cases, regional scale. Yet, they do not address the intrinsic risks resulting from the system itself. However, a combination with risk assessment methods can be used to close this gap. 

Steam injection. Steam can be injected into the combustion zone as an inert material with the purpose of reducing the peak flame temperature and thereby reducing the NO formation. NO emissions can be reduced by typically 60% by steam injection. An obvious drawback is that the injected steam is lost to atmosphere. A side effect of the steam injection is that it increases the power output due to the higher mass flowrate through the turbine. Indeed, steam injection over and above that required for NO suppression can be used to increase power production during times of peak power demand. 

The aim of the assessment of the effects of agricultural products on the environment is to evaluate their impact on environment sustainability [24], especially in terms of food consumption patterns [25]. As stated by [26], the system sustainability can be evaluated on the basis of inputs and outputs and their conversion to C02e. [27] states that the measurement of GHG emissions suffers from certain inaccuracy. The reason for this error is that emissions in agriculture are influenced by complex biological processes with a wide range of variables. 

LCI, where the system is quantified in a strict format of linked processes. Each process is described in terms of the physical inputs and outputs, both economic (raw materials, materials, products) and environmental (extractions from and emissions to the environment). Out of the total, an ecological profile is compiled listing and adding up all extractions and emissions of the system. An important methodological issue is allocation how to deal with multi-output processes This issue is especially important when dealing with waste management processes and will be dealt with below. 

Another LCI-related issue is allocation. This is especially relevant to waste treatment options when waste is recycled or used to generate energy, there is a multi-output process which needs to be dealt with. The waste then is no longer considered a waste, but a resource, and waste treatment is becoming a production process as well. What part of the emissions to allocate to the waste treatment service and what part to the secondary material or other co-product is then open to debate. ISO allows for various options. Whether additives are even visible in such processes is, again, doubtful. 

Data on material production the composition of materials is relatively easy to obtain information. Hence it follows how much additive is needed. In the process of producing the material, emissions of additives take place. MFA studies exist that provide estimates of such emissions, based on inputs and outputs of processes. These studies refer to a specific situation in a country. An attempt can be made to modify them for different situations. If this is not possible, it is always better to use the existing data as a first rough estimate than not to do so. 

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