Emergency containment measures

There are a variety of emergency containment measures that may be used including ... 

Emergency Response Upon discovery of a product or waste leak or spill, appropriate regulatory agencies are notified and immediate actions are taken to repair the source of the release and abate any immediate threat to safety, health, or the environment (e.g., fire, explosion, etc.). Such emergency response measures may include site access control, containment diking, product removal, vapour suppression, protection of water resources, and/or contaminated soil and debris removal. The emergency response is complete once the release has been terminated and any associated acute hazards (i.e., immediate threats to safety, health, etc.) have been identified and controlled. 

Contingency plans must be drawn to include emergency procedures, emergency phone numbers, the name of the emergency coordinator, and containment measures available. Training records for all emergency responders must also be maintained. 

Even if the strategy to maintain contaimnent integrity fails, this may lead to delayed containment failure. Delay in containment failure for even a few hours after core debris has penetrated the reactor vessel can have a profound effect on risk. Delay allows time for emergency preparedness measures to be put in place. It also allows time for natural and engineered processes to reduce the concentrations of airborne radionuclides within the reactor contaimnent. 

MSDSs detailing the chemical and physical properties of hazardous materials being stored or handled, and specific emergency response measures to be implemented to contain these materials in the event of an emergency... 

Assessment of tertiary containment should start with an initial worst-case assumption that available secondary containment will fail or capacity will be exceeded, and the consequent firewater flows and directions should be identified and estimated. Based on this, implementation of basic good practice measures should be considered, for example site kerbing/banking, sleeping policemen/ramps, permanent or temporary measures to close off potential environmental pathways and/or direct flows, and temporary emergency containment provision. This could include the provision of pollution containment equipment, for example pipe-blockers, drain sealing mats and land booms. 

After the signal emerges from the lock-m amplifier it still contains a considerable amount of noise. Most of the noise contributions to the signal can be eliminated by passing the signal tlirough a low-pass filter. The filter tune constant is a measure of the cutoff frequency of the filter. If accurate linewidth and g-factor... 

The NRC also imposes special security requirements for spent fuel shipments and transport of highly enriched uranium or plutonium materials that can be used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons. These security measures include route evaluation, escort personnel and vehicles, communications capabiHties, and emergency plans. State governments are notified in advance of any planned shipment within their state of spent fuel, or any other radioactive materials requiring shipment in accident-proof. Type B containers. 

Personal Protective Equipment. Personal protective and emergency safety equipment should not be reHed on as the primary protection from aHyl chloride. Prevention of exposure should be considered the preferred precautionary measure. Where the exposure guideline may be gready exceeded, an approved positive-pressure air suppHed or self-contained breathing apparatus with fuH facepiece should be used (51). 

A concentration of 35,000 ppm in air produces unconsciousness in 30—40 minutes. This concentration also constitutes a serious fire and explosion hazard, and should not be permitted to exist under any circumstance. Any person exposed to ethyl ether vapor of any appreciable concentration should be prompdy removed from the area. Recovery from exposure to sublethal concentrations is rapid and generally complete. Except in emergencies, and then only with appropriate protective equipment, no one should enter an area containing ether vapor until the concentration has been found safe by measurement with a combustible-gas indicator. 

Exhibits 2-5 and 2-6 are modified sample lists of programs and elements for an actual company (here called Xmple, Inc.) drawn from the files of Arthur D. Little. These are in addition to the PSM requirements shown in Exhibit 2-4. You should develop similar lists for your company. These can usually be obtained from PSM and ESH manuals or the specialist staff who support the programs and elements. Be careful to make sure you understand the scope of each program, as the titles can sometimes be a little misleading. For example, spill response may cover only measures to be taken to stop further spillage, while containment and clean-up are covered under emergency response. 

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