Probes, studies with electrostatic

In order to relate material properties with plasma properties, several plasma diagnostic techniques are used. The main techniques for the characterization of silane-hydrogen deposition plasmas are optical spectroscopy, electrostatic probes, mass spectrometry, and ellipsometry [117, 286]. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) is a noninvasive technique and has been developed for identification of Si, SiH, Si+, and species in the plasma. Active spectroscopy, such as laser induced fluorescence (LIF), also allows for the detection of radicals in the plasma. Mass spectrometry enables the study of ion and radical chemistry in the discharge, either ex situ or in situ. The Langmuir probe technique is simple and very suitable for measuring plasma characteristics in nonreactive plasmas. In case of silane plasma it can be used, but it is difficult. Ellipsometry is used to follow the deposition process in situ. 

The total positive-ion yield at slightly rich and very rich conditions agrees with earlier work by Lester et al. (7) and by Zallen et al. (13). Microwave and electrostatic probe observations by Schneider and Gronig (14) in noble gases have yielded self-consistent ion and electron concentrations and give confidence that the electrostatic probe results are in fact suflBciently accurate in the present context. In a very recent study by Bowser and Weinberg (12), ion concentrations of ions/cm ... 

The application of clinical analyses from real samples was determined with HBV detection. For this purpose we developed a genosensor for clinical analysis of HBV based on MB indicator [66]. In this study, real samples were used first time for medicinal analyses. 24-mer capture probe related to HBV genome were immobilized onto CPE electrostatically, the hybridiziation with PCR amplicon and accumulation of MB was applied. Hybridization detection was accomplished by monitoring the DPV reduction signals of MB. 

As shown above, the intrinsic fluorescence spectra of proteins as well as coenzyme groups and probes shift within very wide ranges depending on their environment. Since the main contribution to spectral shifts is from relaxational properties of the environment, the analysis of relaxation is the necessary first step in establishing correlations of protein structure with fluorescence spectra. Furthermore, the study of relaxation dynamics is a very important approach to the analysis of the fluctuation rates of the electrostatic field in proteins, which is of importance for the understanding of biocatalytic processes and charge transport. Here we will discuss briefly the most illustrative results obtained by the methods of molecular relaxation spectroscopy. 

To date, D coefficients of carbohydrates established with the PFGSE approactf - " have been undertaken to (1) validate the theoretical self-diffusion coefficients calculated from MD trajectories, (2) demonstrate the complexation of lanthanide cations by sugars,(3) probe the geometry of a molecular capsule formed by electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged P-cyclodextrins, (4) study the influence of concentration and temperature dependence on the hydrodynamic properties of disaccharides, and (5) discriminate between extended and folded conformations of nucleotide-sugars. ... 

Studies on fundamental interactions between surfaces extend across physics, chemistry, materials science, and a variety of other disciplines. With a force sensitivity on the order of a few pico-Newtons, AFMs are excellent tools for probing these fundamental force interactions. Force measurements in water revealed the benefits of AFM imaging in this environment due to the lower tip-sample forces. Some of the most interesting force measurements have also been performed with samples under liquids where the environment can be quickly changed to adjust the concentration of various chemical components. In liquids, electrostatic forces between dissolved ions and other charged groups play an important role in determining the forces sensed by an AFM cantilever. 

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