Electrostatic origin

The electrokinetic processes have electrostatic origins they are linked to the charges present on both sides of the slip plane close to the phase boundary. The charge and potential distribution in the surface layer can be described by the relations and laws outlined in Chapter 10. 

It has been proposed that this mixing enthalpy is of purely electrostatic origin representing a slight modification of the environment near the ions. We can, for instance, envisage dissolution of silver iodide in silver phosphate schematically as follows... 

The LB monolayers of dimethyldioctyadecylammonium ions on molecularly smooth muscovite mica surfaces were investigated. Direct measurements of the interaction between such surfaces were carried out using the surface force apparatus. A long-range attractive force considerably stronger than the expected van der Waals force was measured. Studies on the electrolyte dependence of this force indicate that it does not have an electrostatic origin but that the water molecules were involved in this. 

Certain counterions may be held in the compact region of the donble layer by forces additional to those of purely electrostatic origin, resulting in their adsorption in the Stem layer. Specifically... 

Since the negatively charged compound, naphthalenesulfonate, is not expected to interact with the solid support by specific interactions, the study by McCalley clearly indicates that, at least in this case, the tailing of the peaks has the electrostatic origin discussed here. Traditionally, the tailing of basic compounds has been attributed to interactions between the base and the solid support, e.g., silanol groups, acidic sites, etc. However, further quantitative studies in this area are needed to separate the electrostatic effect on peak asymmetry from other types of interactions. 

Explosions of Electrostatic Origin in Industry, Prevention of. Explosions during electro... 

Expins of electrostatic origin in industry, prevention of 6 E372... 

It is thus clear that a treatment of the micellization process of ionic amphiphiles must include a discussion of electrostatic effects. Furthermore, even for zwitterionic and nonionic surfactants, the electrostatic effects play a role. The favorable interaction between the polar groups of these amphiphiles and the solvent water is probably mainly of an electrostatic origin. 

The solute-solvent interactions are limited to those of electrostatic origin. 

Indeed one can not say what part of the bond energy is of electrostatic origin and what part depends on exchange. 

The effect of electrolyte addition to oscillatory behaviour has also been considered in [235]. The disappearance of structural transition upon electrolyte addition was attributed to its electrostatic origin. The viscosity of the film did not differ much from that of the bulk solution in the case when micelles determined the structuring of the amphiphile surfactant molecules. It is worth to note that the length scale of the oscillations was large, about 10 nm and even reached about 50 nm. 

Additional experiments at various electrolyte contents showed that an increase in NaCl concentration did not influence the foam bilayer thickness, hence, these transitions are not of electrostatic origin and are probably due to the occurrence of phase transitions in foam bilayers. The data in Fig. 3.93 suggest the existence of different types of DMPC foam bilayers, which are distinguished by their phase state. 

Explosions of Electrostatic Origin in Industry, Prevention of. Explosions during electro surgery of the colon can be caused by intestinal CH4 and(or) H2. Expts with H2 show introduction of C02 thru a smoke-aspirating sigmoidoscope at the rate of 2 1/m will inhibit the explosions... 

Warshel, A. Electrostatic origin of the catalytic power of enzymes and the role of preorganized active sites, 7. Biol. Chem. 1998, 273, 27035-27038. 

It thus seems clear that tracer diffusion in zeolites involves the sticking of water to certain preferential positions—e.g., in clusters around cations—and to variations of this stickiness, largely of electrostatic origin, along the diffusion channels. There is an approximate in-... 

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