Electroplated tools

MODEL OF WAFER THICKNESS UNIFORMITY IN AN ELECTROPLATING TOOL... 

Single layer of diamond particles in an electroplated tool... 

Grinding is performed by diamond tools, where countless diamond grains of a determined size are incorporated in a metal or plastic matrix. Electroplated tools (mainly special shaped tools) are used likewise. The type of... 

Electrochemical machining is a process based on the same principles used in electroplating except that the workpiece is the anode and the tool is the cathode. Electrolyte is pumped between the electrodes and a potential is applied, resulting in rapid removal of metal. 

Finally, metal objects can sometimes be fabricated in their entirety by electrodeposition (electroforming), with much the same considerations as electroplating. Conversely, portions of a metal specimen can be selectively electrolyzed away (electrochemical machining). This technique is especially useful where the metal to be shaped is too hard or the shape to be cut is too difficult for conventional machining. The sample is made the anode, a specially shaped tool the cathode, and electrolyte solution (e.g., aqueous NaCl) is fed rapidly but uniformly over the surface to be machined. Current densities may reach several hundred amperes per square centimeter across the electrolyte gap of a millimeter or so. Excellent tolerances can be achieved in favorable circumstances.16... 

Rockwell hardness -of beryllium alloys [BERYLLIUM AND BERYLLIUM ALLOYS] (Vol 4) -of copper alloys [COPPER ALLOYS - WROUGHTCOPPER AND WROUGHT COPPER ALLOYS] (Vol 7) -ofmagnesium casting alloys [MAGNESIUMAND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS] (Vol 15) -of polycarbonates [POLYCARBONATES] (Vol 19) -of steels [ELECTROPLATING] (Vol 9) -of tool materials [TOOLMATERIALS] (Vol 24)... 

Alternatively to diffusion dialysis, Pierard et al. [96] suggested electrodialysis as a regeneration process. In the case study involving acid pickling before electroplating, they demonstrated the selection of ion-exchange membrane couples as well as the development of tools to promote the use of electrodialysis in industrial applications. 

Since the in-mold pressures in RIM are generally relatively low [50 to 150 psi (0.4 to 1.1 MPa)] a variety of tooling constructions have been used. These include machined steel or aluminum, cast aluminum or kirksite, sprayed metal or electroplated shells, and reinforced or aluminum filled epoxy (Chapter 17). With mold pressures usually below 100 psi (0.7 MPa), mold-clamp-pressure requirements can accordingly be low when compared to injection and compression molding. 

Unpattemed electroplated copper wafers were polished using an IPEC 472 polisher equipped with an IR temperature sensor which measures pad surface temperature. The copper rate was determined from copper thickness measurements from a Tencor RS55 resistance monitor, calibrated to cross-sectional SEM micrographs. The SEM tools are regularly calibrated to national standards. 

Flotaiion is a powerful mineral beneficialion tool that has wide potential in effluent treatments in tbe following industries 32 oil industry, engineering industry wastes, dairy wastes, food industry, textile fiber wastes, cellulose fibers, rubber wastes, asbestos wastes, polymeric wastes, paper industry wastes, dyes, electroplating industry, vegetable wastes, poultry processing wastes... 

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