Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical properties

Intercalation reactions and intercalation compounds have attracted attention for several reasons. Reactions provide routes for the synthesis of new solids with kinetic rather than thermodynamic stability and permit controlled systematic changes in physical properties, particularly the electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of the host lattice. Chemical properties may also be finely tnned by incremental changes in... 

There are increasingly numerous uses of these metals that make use of particular electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of individual lanthanides most current apphcations involve the earlier rather than the later metals, there being no major uses for the metals Ho Lu at present. 

L.R. Dalton et al., Eds., Electronic, Magnetic, and Optical Properties of Organic Solid State Materials 111 Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 413 (Materials Research Society, Pittsburgh, PA 1996). 

An added dimension to research on nanocrystals is their size-dependent properties. The electronic, magnetic and optical properties of a nanocrystal depend on its size [4]. In small nanocrystals, the electronic energy levels are not continuous as... 

Organic polymers that possess the electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of metals are known as conductive polymers (CPs). Because of their conjugated u electron backbones, they can be oxidized or reduced more easily and more reversibly than conventional polymers with charge-transfer agents, also commonly called dopants, a term borrowed from condensed matter physics. While retaining some of the mechanical properties of polymers, they do not melt or dissolve in common organic solvents, a major impediment to their widespread commercialization in the same manner as traditional plastics. The same electronic structure that confers electrical conductivity to these polymers also contributes to their intractability and instability. 

Compared with coarse-grained materials, nano-particles can possess unique electronic, magnetic and optical properties. The main principle of producing nano-particles with microemulsions consists in mixing two types of microemulsions, i.e. o/w and w/o microemulsions. In this way, for example, ultra-fine particles are obtained, whose core and external shells consist of Fe salts, and in the intermediate layer copper is contained. To produce microemulsions, anionic surfactants such as Aerosol OT (AOT) are used, one mole of which can solubilise up to 8 moles of the aqueous phase. 

Ordered (and partially ordered) arrays of metal sites and complexes enable the cooperation of their special electronic, magnetic and optical properties. Such materials have long been sought for their expected physical properties and applications in optics, electrooptics, superconductivity and sensors. The ordering can be by various mechanisms, such as adsorption on surfaces, intercalation into layered structures, formation of mesomorphic structures and liquid crystals, and adoption of specific crystal-packing motifs, all of which are supramolecular phenomena. Organic liquid crystals and their applications are now commonplace, and in recent years the incorporation of metal atoms into mesogenic molecules has demonstrated the occurrence of similar metallo-mesophases [20]. 

Nowadays a promising way to control the bulk polymer properties, such as conductivity, processability, thermal, and mechanical stabihties, is through the organization of the polymeric chains on the nanometer scale [7-9]. The first approach used to achieve this goal was the synthesis of conducting polymers in cavities of porous hosts. Commonly named nanocomposites, these materials have two or more different components on the nanoscale, and can show catalytic, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties better than those of the individual phases. The basic reason for this synergism is still not fully understood, but it is considered that confinement and electrostatic interactions between the components play an important role. 

The interest in intercalation reactions stems from different motivations. From a preparation point of view they provide routes for the systematic synthesis of new solids with kinetic rather than thermodynamic stability that cannot be obtained by other preparation techniques [11, 13], Furthermore, they permit controlled systemic modifications of chemical as well as physical properties, including electronic, magnetic and optical properties. From an application viewpoint, they are of importance in supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, non-emissive electrochromic displays, and so forth [4, 14],... 

Doping, which involves the intentional incorporation of atoms or ions of suitable elements into host lattices, is one of the effective routes to endow electronic, magnetic, and optical properties of many functional materials. An excellent example is the ruby solid-state laser where the Cr -doped AI2O3 crystal is used as the gain medium. It is now generally anticipated that the performances of the bulk materials are more or less different to those of the same materials in... 

The difficulty in direct synthesis of mesoporous transition metal oxides by soft templating (surfactant micelles) arises from their air- and moisture-sensitive sol-gel chemistry [4,10,11]. On the other hand, mesoporous silica materials can be synthesized in nimierous different solvent systems (i.e., water or water-alcohol mixtures), various synthetic conditions (Le., acidic or basic, various concentration and temperature ranges), and in the presence of organic (Le., TMB) and inorganic additives (e.g., CT, SO, and NOs ) [12-15]. The flexibility in synthesis conditions allows one to synthesize mesoporous silica materials with tunable pore sizes (2-50 nm), mesostructures (Le., 2D Hexagonal, FCC, and BCC), bimodal porosity, and morphologies (Le., spheres, rods, ropes, and cubes) [12,14,16-19]. Such a control on the physicochemical parameters of mesoporous TM oxides is desired for enhanced catalytic, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties. Therefore, use... 

Another very important carrier for SAMs are gold nanoparticles [37,54] because of their stability and their fascinating aspects associated with individual particles, size-related electronic, magnetic and optical properties (quantum size effects), and their applications in sensors [91] and for biomolecular labelling or as immunoprobes [53,92,93]. 

Lower-dimensional systems are expected to show electronic, magnetic, and optical properties that are not observed in their bulk counterparts. In two-dimensional structures, the inherent or emergent magnetic properties depend on many factors including shape, size, and the interaction between subregions (Jensen and Pastor 2003). 

A chapter introducing the Bose-Einstein, Maxwell-Boltzman, Planck, and Fermi-Dirac distribution fimctions follows before discussing the thermal, electronic, magnetic, and optical properties for the benefit of students who have not been exposed to quantum statistical mechanics. This chapter is a logical beginning for the second half of this book since these concepts are essential to an imderstanding of these properties. Similarly, the Maxwell equations are used to derive the equations for absorption and normal reflection of electromagnetic waves in the chapter on optical properties. The band structure of metals... 

Abstract As porphyrins and phthalocyanines possess unique electronic, magnetic and optical properties, supramolecular assembly based on them is subject to intense research targets. Herein, the reviewers focus on the supramolecular architectures of porphyrins, which enable their use as electronic and optical functional materials such as third-order optical susceptibilities, photoenergy conversion systems, and organic field-effect transistors. 

Conducting polymers because of their electronic, magnetic, and optical properties are an attractive class of materials for variety of advanced technologies [ 1-5]. Among conducting pol miers, polyaniline (PANI) has been extensively studied due to its good environmental stability, electrical properties and inexpensive monomer. Some of potential applications of PANI are ... 

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