Electromagnetic process

Wokaun A., Surface-enhanced electromagnetic processes, Solid State Physics-Advances in Research and Applications 1984 38 223-294. 

The origin and cause of acceleration of cosmic rays is somewhat uncertain, but the power-law energy spectrum suggests some kind of electromagnetic process... 

The system process is thus an open electromagnetic process far from thermodynamic equilibrium [2-4] in its active environment (the active... 

The discussion of intensities necessitates the quantum chemical description of infrared absorption and Raman scattering.23 Such a description helps in understanding the electromagnetic processes that occur in molecules, but... 

Yu. L. Klimontovich, Kinetic Theory of Electromagnetic Processes. " Nauka, Moscow, 1980 (in Russian). 

There are two electromagnetic processes in use today induction and dielectric. Induction is more widely used, and there are several equipment manufacturers that will provide individual heaters or complete bonding systems. Dielectric heating, primarily microwave heating, is less utilized but is finding application in certain niche markets. 

This would imply a characteristic luminosity of Lc 102°L , even for a small fraction of the solar material taking part in the reactions (i.e. e 10-2). If this was really the appropriate cross-section for the reaction, the sun would have been gone very quickly indeed. Instead the cross-sections are much less than that at the Coulomb barrier penetration energy (say at proton energies of 1 MeV), to allow for a long lifetime of the sun (in addition, weak-interaction process gives a smaller cross-section for some reactions than electromagnetic process, - see Sect. 3.1). 

Improved electromagnetic processes. Developments in plasma physics and magnet design in the 30 years since the Y-12 plant was taken off uranium isotope separation have caused many groups to reexamine electromagnetic processes for separating uranium isotopes, some of which reported at the London Conference on Uranium Isotope Separation [B20]. In the United States... 

CP or T violation divide into (a) those that involve weak interactions or parity violation, and (b) those that involve processes otherwise allowed by the strong or electromagnetic interactions. In class (a) the most sensitive are probably the searches for an electric dipole moment of the neutron, measured to be < 1.0 X 10 e cm, and the electron (—0.18 0.16) x 10 e cm. A nonzero value requires both P and T violation. Class (b) includes the search for C violation in r] decay, believed to be an electromagnetic process, e.g., as measured by r( 7 all) < 5 x 10 , and searches for T... 

Lawrence and his staff now had to participate in planning for an unanticipated stage of the electromagnetic process. 

But in the midst of encouraging progress in construction and research on the electromagnetic process in July came discouraging news from Oppenheimer s isolated laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, set up in spring 1943 to consolidate work on atomic weapons. Oppenheimer warned that three times more fissionable material would be required for a bomb than earlier estimates had indicated. Even with satisfactory performance of the racetracks, it was possible that they might not produce enough purified uranium-235 in time. 

The firsf uranium isotope separation operations took place at Y-12 in Fall 1943 using the electromagnetic process. The uranium fuel used in the Hiroshima bomb came from that operation. Within another year the gaseous diffusion process at K-25, a backup gamble, was proven to be a workable process and, being a continuous rather than batch operation, it was much less expensive. Y-12 was therefore shut down in December 1946. 

Asai, S. (2000). Recent development and prospect of electromagnetic processing of materials. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, Vol.l, No.4, (September 2000), pp. 191-200, ISSN 1468-6996... 

Volume 10 The Kinetic Theory of Electromagnetic Processes By Yu. L. Klimontovich Volume 11 Chaos and Order in Nature Editor H. Haken... 

The features of power transformers saturation process depend on construction type. Two common power transformer types exist shell and core type. Generally, transformers of both types can be constructed for any nominal power or voltage level and from any magnetic material. Nevertheless, the construction type does not influence the functional principle, electromagnetic processes or the ability to ensure required outputs. The set of following characteristics determines the transformers saturation capability DC flux path, moment of GIC appearance and insulation characteristics. 

There were two reasons for choosing UO2SO4 instead of uranyl nitrate as the fuel there is less neutron absorption in the sulfate than in the nitrate, and the sulfate was thought to be more soluble. The latter reason was considered important liecause it was feared thtit with the maximum-enrichment material from the electromagnetic process, it might be difficult to dissolve the critic-al mass in the desired volume [13], These objections to the use of luanyl nitrate, however, were subsequently found to be invalid. 

The weldability using the electromagnetic process has been evaluated for different grades of polypropylene copolymers being used for automotive and domestic applications. As previous publications [1-2] have revealed, the electromagnetic welding process has demonstrated its robustness on various resins and applications. 

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