Electrolytes surfactants

Effects of additives (electrolytes, surfactants, nonelectrolytes) on the volume fraction and temperature percolation thresholds of a water/AOT/n-heptane system have been investigated [280,281]. 

Interfacial rheologic properties of different crude oil-water systems were determined in wide temperature and shear rate ranges and in the presence of inorganic electrolytes, surfactants, alkaline materials, and polymers [1056]. 

W.J. Macknight, E.A. Ponomarenko, and D.A. Tirrell, Self-assembled poly electrolyte-surfactant complexes in nonaqueous solvents and in the solid state. Acc. Chem. Res. 31, 781-788 (1998). 

Dautzenberg, H. (2001). Polyelectrolyte complex formation of highly aggregating systems methodical aspects and general tendencies. In Radeva, T. (Ed.). Physical Chemistry of Poly electrolytes, Surfactant Science Series Vol. 99, New York Marcel Dekker, pp. 743-792. 

Gibbs monolayers are widespread. The simplest system is that of the surface of a fully miscible binary liquid. More complex ones are monolayers of uncharged molecules adsorbed from dilute solutions (example aliphatic alcohols from aqueous solution) electrolytes surfactants (non-ionic or ionic) polymers and polyelectrolytes and yet more. On the other hand, the methods for characterizing... 

Skerjanc J, Kogej K, Vesnaver G. Poly electrolyte-surfactant interactions. Enthalpy of binding of dodecyl- and cetylpyridinium cations to polyfstyrene-sulfonate) anion. J Phys Chem 1988 92 6382—6385. 

Poly electrolyte-Surfactant Complexes at the Air- Water Interface... 

Polar solvents Electrolytes Surfactants Lubricating oils Membranes Monomer and so on... 

Lyophobic colloids, which include all emulsions other than the microemulsions, are not formed spontaneously on contact of the phases, because they are thermodynamically unstable when compared with the separated states. These dispersions can be formed by other means, however. Most emulsions that will be encountered in practice contain oil, water, and an emulsifying agent. The emulsifier may comprise one or more of the following simple inorganic electrolytes, surfactants. 

Phase behavior experiments should be performed to identify surfactants with high contaminant solubilization, fast coalescence rates to classical microemulsions and minimal liquid crystal/gel/ macroemulsion forming tendencies over the expected range of conditions of temperature, electrolyte, surfactant, cosolvent and contaminant concentrations. The viscosity of both the aqueous surfactant solution that is injected and the microemulsion that forms when it mixes with and solubilizes the NAPL should be low, i.e. not much greater than the corresponding water (or polymer solution if polymer is added to the water). 

Taylor DJF, Thomas RK, Li PX, Penfold J (2003) Adsmption of oppositely charged poly-electrolyte/surfactant mixtures. Neutron reflectirai frran alkyl trimethylammonium bromides and sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) at the air/water interface the effect of surfactant chain length. Langmuir 19 3712... 

Figure 8.24 A plot of zeta potential of emulsions (ordinate, mV) as a function of pH of the aqueous phase and surfactant HLB. The arrows mark the critical HLB of the system in the absence of added electrolyte. Surfactant, Brij 92 and Brij 96. From Depraetere et ai [45] with permission.

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