Electrolyte mixture, aqueous

Magnesium is reduced from a mixture of magnesium, calcium, and sodium chlorides. Electrolysis from aqueous solution is also possible zinc, copper, and manganese dissolved as sulfates in water can be reduced electrolytically from aqueous solution. 

R. C. Pemberton and C. J. Mash. "Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Non-Electrolyte Mixtures II. Vapour Pressures and Excess Gibbs Energies for Water-)- Ethanol at 303.15 to... 

The osmotic coefficients calculated from Eq. (9) can be brought into good agreement with solution data up to about 1M for aqueous solutions of alkali (26) and alkaline earth halides, (30) tetraalkyl ammonium halides, T3l) mixed electrolytes, where the Harned coefficients are measured, (32) and electrolyte-non electrolyte mixtures, where Setchenow coefficients are measured. 

The lead/acid battery used in conventional gasoline-fueled automobiles consists of six 2.05 V cells connected in series (for a 12 V electrical system). The current collectors are lead grids filled, when in the charged condition, with powdered lead (anode) and a lead/lead(IV) oxide mixture (cathode), and the electrolyte is aqueous sulfuric acid. During discharge, the following reactions occur ... 

The behavior of electrolytes in aqueous organic mixtures, particularly those consisting of dipolar aprotic solvents (1,2, S, 4,5,6) has long been a subject of considerable importance. Interest in dipolar aprotic solvent-water mixtures arises, in part, from the recent studies of tetrahydrofuran-water mixtures (7), which involved ion-solvation and proton bonding. Because of the scarcity of... 

Since q ranges from 0 to n, the possible variation of B from this cause is 2.5n(VA — VB). To estimate the magnitude of the effect, let us take n = 4, and VA — VB = 0.040 1. This gives a variation of 0.40 in B. Typical values of B for simple electrolytes in aqueous solution run from about —0.1 to +0.2, so this expected variation should be easily detectable. It is clear that for a solute such as LiCl in mixtures of water with a less polar liquid, n is by no means constant over the whole range of solvent compositions, and it is effectively larger in pure water because... 

The Activity Coefficient of Any Component Salt in the Aqueous Electrolyte Mixture. Analogous to the derivation of the osmotic coefficient expression, equation 17 was differentiated with respect to m to give a relationship between and the activity coefficient, and then that relationship was evaluated by substituting in the value of obtained by differentiation of G from equation 14 with respect to m, where m is now the result of a change in m, m, added to the initial m, m as caused by a... 

Pabalan, R. T., and Pitzer, K. S. (1990) Models for Aqueous Electrolyte Mixtures for Systems Extending from Dilute Solutions to Fused Salts. In Chemical Modeling of Aqueous Systems, Vol. II, R. L. Basset and D. C. Melchior, Eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. 

This section considers the Donnan equilibrium which is established by the equilibrium distribution of a simple electrolyte between an aqueous protein-electrolyte mixture and an aqueous solution of the same simple electrolyte, when the two phases are separated by a semipermeable membrane. A difference in osmotic pressure is estabhshed across the membrane permeable to all other species but proteins. This difference is measurable and provides important information about the protein-protein interaction in solution [37, 109-112, 116]. The principal goal of the theory is to explain how factors such as protein concentration, pH, protein aggregation, salt concentration and its composition, influence the osmotic pressure. At the moment this goal seems to be too ambitious these systems are often complicated mixtures of highly concentrated electrolytes and protein molecules, and the principal forces are not easy to identify [117]. 

Leclanche s cells have been around for more than 100 years. They are also known as zinc/carbon cells or dry cells. They use a chemically produced manganese dioxide cathode (positive electrode), a zinc (foil or sheet) anode (negative electrode), and an aqueous electrolyte. Typical electrolyte mixtures include ammonium chloride and zinc chloride dissolved in water. The electrodes are separated by a cereal paste wet with electrolyte or a starch or polymer-coated absorbent kraft paper. The reactions... 

U.S. 5252244 10/1993 Beaujean et alJ Henkel KgaA Aqueous zeolite-containing liquid detergent stabilized with an electrolyte mixture... 

Kwak JCT, Nelson RWP. Mean activity coefficients for the simple electrolyte in aqueous mixtures of polyelectrolyte and simple electrolyte. 4. The systems nickel chloride—nickel poly(styrenesulfonate), zinc chloride—zinc poly-(styrenesulfonate), and cadmium chloride—cadmium poly(styrenesulfonate). J Phys Chem 1978 82 2388-2391. 

Some other kinds of models have shown parameters that seem to follow useful correlation relationships. Among these are the virial coefficient model of Bums (2), the interaction coefficient model of Helgeson, Kirkham, and Flowers (4), and the hydration theory model of Stokes and Robinson (1). The problem shared by all three of these models is that they employ individual ion size parameters in the Debye-Hiickel submodel. This led to restricted applicability to solutions of pure aqueous electrolytes, or thermodynamic inconsistencies in applications to electrolyte mixtures. Wolery and Jackson (in prep.) discuss empirical modification of the Debye-Huckel model to allow ion-size mixing without introducing thermodynamic inconsistencies. It appears worthwhile to examine what might be gained by modifying these other models. This paper looks at the hydration tlieory approach. 

Models for Aqueous Electrolyte Mixtures for Systems Extending from Dilute Solutions to Fused Salts... 

PABALAN PITZER Models for Aqueous Electrolyte Mixtures... 

On the basis of the above result, it is suggested that the osmotic pressure approach may be as useful for the estimate of thermodynamic properties of simple electrolyte mixtures in mixed solvents as in aqueous media. Additional research with alkali chlorides in alcohol-water mixtures is in progress to substantiate this conclusion. The mean molal coefficient data that are published for the alkali chlorides (12) are expected to facilitate a meaningful prognosis of the osmotic pressure model. 

Isopiestic Method.— The isopiestic method can be used to determine provided only one of the components is volatile. The unknown solution and reference solution containing the same volatile component but different involatile components are placed in dishes on a metal block in an airtight enclosure. The volatile component distils between the two solutions until their compositions are such that they have the same chemical potential of volatile component. After equilibration the two solutions are analysed. As the isopiestic method is a comparative method it is necessary to know the variation of vapour pressure with composition for the reference solution. The technique has the advantage that no pressure measurements are required. The method has been frequently used in the study of electrolytes and involatile non-electrolytes in aqueous solutions. Corneliussen et a/. have used the method to study polymer solutions. An apparatus suitable for measurements with organic mixtures has been described by Harris and Dunlop. The method is suitable only when there is no possibility of distillation between the involatile component in the reference solution and the involatile component in the unknown solution. 

Pemberton, R. C. Mash, C. J. Thermodynamic properties of aqueous non-electrolyte mixtures. II. Vapour pressures and excess Gibbs energies for water -t- ethanol at 303.15 to 363.15 K determined by an accurate static method J. Chem. Thermodyn. 1978,10... 

Corti HR (1987) Prediction of activity coefficients in aqueous electrolyte mixtures using the mean spherical approximation. J Phys Chem 91 686-689... 

Bianchi, H. (1990) Conductivity of mixtures of symmetrialc and unsymmetrical electrolytes in aqueous solutions. Thesis, University of Buenos Aires. 

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