Electrolyte coupling

It was found later that the electrolytic coupling reaction gave better yield with the acetate corresponding to B, since fragmentation was a major side reaction of the y-hydroxy acid B (Ref. 2). 

Figure 36. Comparison of DSC and TGA profiies for a cathode (PE), anode (NE), and separator (SP) composite with those of cathode/electrolyte and anode/eiectroiyte. Note the ciose match between the DSC/TGA profiies of the stack and the cathode/electrolyte couple. The OCV of the stack is 4.15 V. (Reproduced with permission from ref 361 (Eigure 4). Copyright 1999 The Electrochemical Society.)...

Tab. 8.10 Solvent-supporting electrolyte couples for low-temperature electrochemistry1 ...

It should be noted that ADN is also synthesized commercially by electrolytic coupling of acrylonitrile (2). 

FTIR reporter probe, 300 carbon dioxide as a, 303 anharmonicity and, 305 bending frequency and, 306 electrolytic coupling and, 307 intermolecular forces and, 305, 346 intrinsic frequency of, 306 l80C,60 isotopic, 307 peroxide related to, 303 polarizability and, 307 windows and, 301... 

Tetraphenylethylene cyclizes anodically to 9,10-diphenylphenanthrene analogously to its photooxidative cyclization. The attempted anodic cyclization of cis- or frans-stilbene to phenanthrene however failed due to electrophilic reaction of the intermediate radical cation with the solvent 37S Primary aromatic amines are oxidized to radical cations which, depending on the pH of the electrolyte couple to aminodiphenylamines (C-N coupling (84) in Eq. (172) ), yield benzidines (85) at low pH (C-C coupling) or dimerize to hydrazobenzene (86) (N-N coupling) which is subsequently oxidized to azobenzene (Eq. (172) ) 2 5,376,377)... 

Electrolytic coupling of two molecules of a fliiorocarboxylic acid accompanied by decarboxylation, according to Kolbe, is a general method for the preparation of suitable fluoro derivatives and the early literiiture on this has been dealt with in Houben-Wcyl, Vol. 5/3. 

It is used as base in Kolbe electrolytic coupling in methanol solution a catalytic amount suffices since it is regenerated at the cathode. Commercial sodium methoxide... 

Kale, G.M., Wang, L. and Hong, YR. (2003) Planar SOx sensor incorporating a bi-electrolyte couple. Solid State Ionics, 161, 155-63. 

The new 23-hydroxy-epimers of cholesterol have been prepared by boro-hydride reduction of the 23-ketone, and Grignard reactions on the cyanohydrin of pregnenolone acetate have been used to prepare both epimers of 20a,22-dihydroxycholesterol. Using optically pure half-esters of methyl succinic acid in Kolbe electrolytic coupling reactions with various bile acids the corresponding 25-d- and 25-L-cholestanoic acids have been prepared. ... 

Electrodes can be placed within the body for biopotential measurements. These electrodes are generally smaller than skin surface electrodes and do not require special electrolytic coupling fluid because natural body fluids serve this function. There are different designs for these internal electrodes, and only a few examples are given in the following paragraphs. Basically, these electrodes can be classified... 

Fluctuations in ion density near a polyelectrolyte impose fluctuating electrostatic forces on the chain that can affect the chain s diffusion. As described by Sedl (207), polyelectrolyte diffusion in dilute solution is fast diffusion because coim-terions cause more rapid motion in a polyelectrolyte than would be noted in an equivalent neutral chain. Several investigators have modified equation 50 to include this Nernst-Hartley-type diffusion in a consistent manner (203,206). Tivant and co-workers suggested that in a monovalent electrolyte solution at large I the enhancement of Dm by polyelectrolyte-electrolyte coupling should be expressed as(208)... 

Advances in the understanding of ion desolvation and transport mechanisms have furthered the utility of these materials. However, environmental toxicity and safety issues associated with organic electrolytes coupled with their still limited operational potential windows shifted the focus to the development of ionic liquids as electrolytes for new ESs. With ionic liquid electrolytes, operating voltages can be increased to 3.5 V or more without instability issues arising. Moreover, ionic liquids have well defined ion sizes and do not have ion salvation and desolvation mechanisms that plague aqueous and organic electrolyte systems. 

Norrangiformic acid (12) can be approached through total synthesis from threo-3, 4-dimethoxycarbonyl-6-oxoheptanoic acid by means of electrolytic coupling with myristic acid, following hydrolysis and oxydation with hypo-bromite. 

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