Electrodeposition overview

An overview of a scientific subject must include at least two parts retrospect (history) and the present status. The present status (in a condensed form) is presented in Chapters 2 to 21. In this section of the overview we outline (sketch) from our subjective point of view the history of electrochemical deposition science. In Section 1.2 we show the relationship of electrochemical deposition to other sciences. In this section we show how the development of electrodeposition science was dependent on the development of physical sciences, especially physics and chemistry in general. It is interesting to note that the electron was discovered in 1897 by J. J. Thomson, and the Rutherford-Bohr model of the atom was formulated in 1911. 

Figure 9 Overview of copper whisker array prepared by electrodeposition in the membrane with micropores, and dissolution of the polymer matrix by a solvent.

In this review, after a brief overview of the structural and electronic properties of metal adlayers, there are six sections describing catalytic effects on redox couples, oxidation of organic molecules, carbon monoxide, organic electrosynthesis reactions, hydrogen evolution, oxygen reduction, and metal electrodeposition. Outside the scope of this review are other UPD processes that play a role in determining the catalytic properties of electrode surfaces such as the UPD of H and OH. 

As corrosion protection by active coatings such as Zn-rich [3], Mg-rich [11], or CP-coatings relies on electrical communication with the underlying metal, the nature of any intervening oxide layer will likely play an important role. As discussed in Section 15.6.3, the electrodeposition of CP films on oxideforming metals is also greatly influenced by the electrical properties of the oxide layer. A detailed understanding of oxide films requires aspects of materials science, solid-state physics, and electrochemistry, and such a discussion is beyond the scope of this chapter. For a detailed discussion of oxide films and their properties, the reader is referred to Ref. [16]. In this section, we provide a brief overview of the... 

Similar to the Types la and lb fibers, the Type Ic fibers consist of a thin, conductive metal layer electrodeposited upon a carbon base fiber (see Figure 5). Their manufacture is described by Morin(27) and by HaU and Ando(25). The paper by Hall and Ando provides a good overview of their properties and characteristics. Nickel plated exPAN carbon fiber are typical of the Type Ic fibers that are readily commercially available. General uses for Type Ic fibers are in ESI shielding, conductive adhesives and paints, conductive fabrics, and high performance electric contacts(2P). They are included in the Type 1 category because their conductivity is characteristically metallic. Thus, by this convention they appear in the Type 1 classification while the various other carbon fibers fall into the Type 2 category. 

This chapter provides an overview of semiconductor electrochemistry at the nanoscale. We address the most common electrochemical and photoelec-trochemical principles and techniques to characterize semiconductor electrodes, and brieffy discuss key considerations that arise when dealing with nanoscale semiconductors. We regard electrochemistry on the one hand as a tool for the synthesis of semiconductor nanostructures, for example, using localized dissolution reactions, electrodeposition, or self-organizing anodization. On the other hand, electrochemistry can directly represent functionality, in the widest sense in form of redox processes at nanostructured electrodes. 

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the current rmderstanding of the problem of corrosion. The chapter also provides a brief introduction to nanomaterials in this context. Chapter 2 discusses corrosion basics with referetrce to nanostmctured materials. Chapter 3 addresses theoretical aspects of grain size reduction on corrosion with a model example and comparison with experimental resirlts of nanocrystalline zirconium and its alloys. Chapter 4 provides a good accoimt of the relevant electrochemical aspects of nanostructured materials. The nature of passive film and its correlation with nanocrystallization are explained. Chapter 5 gives a good description of fabrication of electrodeposited nanostructured materials. 

Ettel V. A. (1984), Fundamentals, practice and control in electrodeposition - an overview , in Warren I. H. (Ed.), Application ofpolarization measurements in the control of metal deposition. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Electrodeposition offers the facility to coat surfaces which are hidden from line of sight application techniques, such as spraying. Radiators are one such example, but electrodeposition can only apply the primer or base coat. Only one coat can be applied and it must be the first. The ability to deposit film in these hidden areas is known as throwing power . The more the coating penetrates these areas, the greater the throwing power of the coating. An overview of the electrodeposition process will now be considered. 

Due to the aforementioned advantages of DESs (i.e., low cost of components, easy to prepare, tunable physicochemical properties, negligible vapor pressure, biorenewability, biodegradability...), it is not surprising that these eutectic mixtures have found a wide variety of applications in different fields of modem chemistry. This section provides an overview of the application of green and biorenewable DESs (most of them are ChCl-based eutectic mixtures) in the fields of i) organic synthesis ii) catalytic reactions iii) dissolution of metal oxides, iv) electrodeposition of metals and iv) material chemistry. 

Apart from their aforementioned use in electrodeposition, DESs have been successfully applied in the synthesis of different materials like i) polymers, ii) metal phosphates, iii) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), iv) nanoparticles, and v) carbon materials. In this section, we will give a general overview covering the use of green and biorenewable DESs in the synthesis of these materials. 

Development of a non-toxic electrolyte for soft gold electrodeposition An overview of work at University of Newcastle upon Tyne, M. J. Liew, S. Roy, and K. Scott, Green Chemistry, 2003, 5, 376. 

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