Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance poly film

Endres et al. [82] have demonstrated the suitability of an air- and water-stable ionic liquid for the electropolymerization of benzene. This synthesis is normally restricted to media such as concentrated sulfuric acid, liquid SO2 or liquid HF as the solution must be completely anhydrous. The ionic liquid used, l-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate, can be dried to below 3 ppm water, and this ionic liquid is also exceptionally stable, particularly in the anodic regime. Using this ionic liquid, poly(para-phenylene) was successfully deposited onto platinum as a coherent, electroactive film. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance techniques were also used to study the deposition and redox behavior of the polymer from this ionic liquid (Section 7.4.1) [83]. 

Other polymer systems that have been studied with the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance are poly(tetracycaoquinyldimethane) [91], poly(3-methylthiophene) [92], diheptylviologen bromide [93], polyani-line/Nafion composite films [94] and polypyrrole/3-(pyrrol-l-yl) propane sulphonate composites [95], and poly(pyrrole) composites with several anions [96-97]. 

Summary Films of polyacrylic acid hydrogels were produced on a conducting substrate by means of electrochemically Initiated polymerization (EIP). An electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance was used to monitor film growth In situ. Homopolymer and copolymer films of polyacrylic acid and poly-N-isopropyl-acrylamide were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The degree of swelling of these films could be tuned via the pH. 

Henderson Ml, Hillman AR, Vieil E, Lopez C (1998) Combined electrochemical quartz microbalance (EQCM) and probe beam defection (PBD) validation of the technique by a study of silver ion mass transport. J Electroanal Chem 458 241-248 Henderson MJ, Hillman AR, Vieil E (1999) Ion and solvent transfer discrimination at a poly(o-toluidine) film exposed to HC104 by combined electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and probe beam deflection (PBD). J Phys Chem B 103 8899-8907 Henderson MJ, French H, Hillman AR, Vieil E (1999) A combined EQCM and probe beam defection study of salicylate ion transfer at a polypyrrole modified electrode. Electrochem Solid State Lett 2(12) 631-633... 

M. Hepel, E. Seymour, D. Yogev, and J. H. Fendler, Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance monitoring of cadmium sulfide generation in polypyrrole and polypyrrole poly(styrenesulfonate) thin films, Chem. Mater. 4 209 (1992). 

Polymerization of pyrrole has also been carried out chemically by mixing the monomer with a homogeneous oxidant (Fe ) in solution. Mermillod et al [61] found that poly(pyrrole) synthesized in water by action of Fe ( 104)3 produces particles in solution as well as films on the reactor walls. The material was electrochemically identical with electropolymerized product. Gregory et al [62] chemically deposited very uniform films of poly(pyrrole) on textile fibres and woven glass cloth. Gottesfeld et al [63] found that chemically deposited films were uniform and could serve as a conducting substrate for metallization structures for microelectronic circuitry. Hillman et al [64] studied the electrodeposition of poly(vinylfer-rocene) with the quartz crystal microbalance. 

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