Electrochemical milling method

Zhang, D.W., Chen, C.H., Zhang, J. and Ren, F. (2005) Novel electrochemical milling method to fabricate copper nanoparticles and nanofibers. Chemistry of Materials, 17, 5242-5. 

Electrochemical milling (ECM) offers complete freedom of choice of material and pocket shape. This technique employs a liquid electrolyte to erode the roll or segment material thereby reproducing exactly the shape of the electrode (Figure 281). Using this method, not only finally machined and hardened materials can be treated economically without any distortion but also no limitation whatsoever exists regarding pocket shape. The ECM technique can reproduce such detail that even identifying marks can be incorporated. 

B. Ghoshal, B. Bhattacharyya, Micro electrochemical sinking and milling method for generation of micro features, IMechE, Part B J. Eng. Manuf. 227 (11) (2013) 1651-1663. 

A number of papers have appeared on the removal of heavy metals in the effluents of dyestuff and textile mill plants. The methods used were coagulation (320—324), polymeric adsorption (325), ultrafiltration (326,327), carbon adsorption (328,329), electrochemical (330), and incineration and landfiU (331). Of interest is the removal of these heavy metals, especiaUy copper by chelation using trimercaptotria2ine (332) and reactive dyed jute or sawdust (333). 

Refs. [i] Gileadi E (1993) Electrode kinetics. VCH, New York, p 53, 127 [ii] Bockris JO M, Reddy AKN (2006) Modern electrochemistry. Springer, New York [Hi] Bard AJ, Faulkner LR (2001) Electrochemical methods. Wiley, New York [iv] Parsons R (1974) Pure Appl Chem 37 503 [v] Parsons R (1979) Pure Appl Chem 52 233 [vi] Mills I, Cvitas T, Homann K, Kallay N, Kuchitsu K (eds) (1993) IUPAC quantities, units and symbols in physical chemistry. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, p 58, 60... 

Walsh, F. Mills, G. Electrochemical Methods for Pollution Control, Chem. Technol.-Europe April/May... 

Nanoscale materials can be produced in many ways, including biogenic routes that utilize organic molecules, physical methods such as mechanical ball milling, chemical methods such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), electrochemical methods, and sol-gel methods. Due to the many pathways, the mechanisms and kinetics of their formation are... 

The cathode material, Lao.. i(Sro,4oFeo.8oCoo.2o03.6 was synthesized by spray drying method. After calcination and ball-milling, the cathode powder was screen printed on a 5x5 cm half cell with a electroMe prepared by sol-gel method, using an ethyl cellulose binder and a terpineol-based solvent . The area of the cathode layers was 4x4 cm with a thickness of about 50 pm. The cathode was dried and no sinter process was carried out before the electrochemical cell test. 

In addition, traditional top-down nanofabrication methods such as focused ion beam (FIB], can be used to fabricate nanopore array electrodes [225], FIB milling thus represents a simple and convenient method for fabrication of prototype nanopore electrode arrays. These electrode nano-arrays can be used in electrochemical nanofabrication for applications in sensing and fundamental electrochemical studies. 

Similar to PANI, the carbon-related materials, activated carbon, carbon nanotube, and GO, were also doped with PPy to fabricate PPy/carbon-related material composites for wastewater treatment. PPy/impregnated porous carbon was prepared by vapor infiltration polymerization technique to obtain a mesoporous structure [72], The as-prepared composite exhibited an improved adsorption ability to remove heavy metal ions, such as Hg(II), Pb(II), and Ag(I) due to amino groups of PPy. PPy/carbon nanotube composites can be prepared by grafting from technique either chemically or electrochemically. The chemical fabricated PPy/carbon nanotube composite can effectively remove heavy metals, anions and chemical oxygen demand from paper mill waste [73]. The electrochemical synthesized PPy/carbon nanotube provided a simple and highly effective method for ClO removal via electrically switched ion exchange technique (Figure 11.15) [74]. 

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