Electro-spray deposition

Fig, 10.24. Simplified schematics illustrating some deposition techniques (a) thermal evaporation (b) stamping (c) liquid-solid interface (d) electro-chemistry set-up (e) Langmuir-Blodgett technique (f) electro-spray deposition (g) pulse injection method (h) solution casting (i) spin-coating. 

ZnO thin films can be prepared by a variety of techniques such as magnetron sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, pulsed-laser deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, spray-pyrolysis, and (electro-)chemical deposition [24,74]. In this book, sputtering (Chap. 5), chemical vapor deposition (Chap. 6), and pulsed-laser deposition (Chap. 7) are described in detail, since these methods lead to the best ZnO films concerning high conductivity and transparency. The first two methods allow also large area depositions making them the industrially most advanced deposition techniques for ZnO. ZnO films easily crystallize, which is different for instance compared with ITO films that can... 

Zhou, H. and S.B. Bhaduri. Deposition of PLA/CDHA composite coating via electro spraying. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 24(7) (2012) 784-796. 

Deposition of CIGSSe absorber layers by electro-spraying a propylene glycol solution of copper(ii), In(m) and Ga(iii) nitrates as metal precursors has been reported. The ratio of the metal nitrates was adjusted to yield 1 0.7 0.3 ratio of Cu, In and Ga, respectively in final films. The thin films thus obtained were annealed in air at 300 °C for minutes, sulfurized in dilute HjS stream (1% in N2) at 500 °C for 30 minutes and finally selenized at 500 °C for 10 minutes. Characterization of the films by p-XRD and SEM (Fig. 26) studies revealed that polycrystalline CIGS nanostructures are formed as a result of this post treatment. 

Also of interest are models from closely related fields, such as Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) and Electro Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS). MALDI in particular attracts attention as this technique records the large molecular ion emissions resulting from the localized deposition of energy occurring on laser irradiation of the solid s surface. Indeed, there appear to be many similarities in the recorded emissions from SIMS and MALDI. Examples of areas of interest include processes described within the Cluster-based mechanisms and the pooling mechanism. These along with their applicability to SIMS are discussed in Section 3.3.4.2. 

E Aaahi, S. Sakata, O. Ibbata, M. Moebizuki. S. Sugiyanu. and Y. Ihga. Integraied pyroelectric infrared sensor using PVIH< thin Aim deposited by electro-spray method. Proe. Int nmsducer 93, Yokohama. 1993, p. 656. 

Electro spraying of Pt/C-Nafion-alcohol dispersions was employed as a new method to deposit catalyst layers on Nafion membranes for hydrogen/oxygen air fuel cells, suggesting that control of electrospray processing parameters can lead to tailored electrode structures where such mass transport losses are mitigated (Baturina et al., 2005). Wei et al. (2005) have also used this technique. 

Dispersion Resins. Polytetrafluoroethylene dispersions in aqueous medium contain 30—60 wt % polymer particles and some surfactant. The type of surfactant and the particle characteristics depend on the appHcation. These dispersions are appHed to various substrates by spraying, flow coating, dipping, coagulating, or electro depositing. 

The selection of a particular deposition process depends on the material to be deposited and its availabiUty rate of deposition limitations imposed by the substrate, eg, maximum deposition temperature adhesion of deposit to substrate throwing power apparatus required cost and ecological considerations. Criteria for CVD, electro deposition, and thermal spraying are given in Table 2 (13). 

Characteristic Evaporation Ion plating Sputtering Chemical vapor deposition Electro- dep 0 sitio n Thermal spraying... 

Waterborne Costing s. These coatings utilize either Hquid or soHd epoxy resins that have been modified to allow their use with water. They are usually in the form of emulsions, suspensions, dispersions, or water-dilutable resins that can be heat- or RT-cured. They are appHed by convenient methods such as roUer-coating, dipping, spray, or electro deposition. 

The most common methods of paint applications are brush and roller, air or airless spray, roll coating, electrostatic spraying, electro deposition, and dip coating. Many factors affect the choice of method to be used for a particular application. These include film thickness, appearance requirements, and operating cost. 

The following chapters present the general aspects of different synthesis of nanostructured materials, such as Combustion Synthesis (Chap. 2), Spray Pyrolysis (Chap. 3), Electro spinning (Chap. 4), Catalytical Chemical Vapor Deposition applied in the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes and Carbon Nanotubes Forests (Chap. 5), Hydrothermal Synthesis (Chap. 6) and High-Energy Milling (Chap. 7). 

There are other many aqueous, non-sol-gel routes including electro-deposition (Izaki and Omi, 1997 Peulon and Lincot, 1998), deposition on SAMs and tepmplates (Boyle et al., 2002 Saito et al., 2002), and spray pyrolysis (Caillaud et al., 1993 Maldonado et al., 1999 Loldiande and Uplane, 2000). 

Oxygen electroreduction/ EDAX, XRD NixCo3 04 spinel KOH solution Electro-deposition of oxide films by spraying on Ni foil The ratio of oxygen molecules reduced via the direct 4e pathway with respect to those reduced via indirect 2+2 electron pathway depends on x. The ratio is maximum for X = 0 and 0.6 < x < 1.2 Heller-Ling etal. (1997)... 

Characteristic Electro/electroless plating Thermal spray Chemical vapour deposition Physical vapour deposition... 

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