Electro actuation

Morales D, Palleau E, Dickey MD, Velev OD (2014) Electro-actuated hydrogel walkers with... 

Modern subsea trees, manifolds, (EH), etc., are commonly controlled via a complex Electro-Hydraulic System. Electricity is used to power the control system and to allow for communication or command signalling between surface and subsea. Signals sent back to surface will include, for example, subsea valve status and pressure/ temperature sensor outputs. Hydraulics are used to operate valves on the subsea facilities (e.g. subsea tree and manifold valves). The majority of the subsea valves are operated by hydraulically powered actuator units mounted on the valve bodies. 

E. A. Mayer, Electro-Pneumatic Control Valve for EGRfATC Actuation, SAE 810464, Society of Automotive Engineers, Warrendale, Pa., 1981. 

Speed and load governing with electro-hydraulic actuators... 

Actuator type Electro-hydraulic for fast response and accurate control. 

Source Liu, C. et at, Electro-statically stricted polymers (ESSP), SPIE Conference on Electroactive Polymer Actuator and Devices, Newport Beach, California, March 1999, SPIE Vol. 3669,0277-786X/99 Kombluh, R. et at, Application of Dielectric Elastomer EAP Actuators, SPIE— the International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, Washington, 2001, Chapter 16. 

Lenney, J. P. Goddard, N. J. Morey, J. C. Snook, R. D. Fielden, P. R., An electro osmotic flow system with integrated planar optical waveguide sensing, Sens. Actuators B 1997, 39, 212 217... 

Figure 2 Photographs of pre-concentrators of various sizes. Apertures are seen in each assembly and the metal mesh is found behind the aperture. Apertures are electro-mechanically actuated and move in a manner found in some photographic equipment.

Suehiro, J., Shutou, M., Hatano, T., and Hara, M. (2003). High sensitive detection of biological cells using dielectrophoretic impedance measurement method combined with electro-permeabilization. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 96,144-151. 

In essence, the explotron is a ducted sttucture optically coupled at one angle to a frangible optical member which is reflective to eleettomagnetic radiation and destructible by non-electromagnetic radiation. Upon actuation of the expl light source, the electro-rnaiifiptif radiation is directed bv a mirror to... 

These environmentally sensitive gels are being extensively studied and applied to a variety of fields in medical science, engineering, ecology, food science, drug delivery systems, chemo-mechanical and electro-mechanical actuators, switching devices, molecular sieves, chemical re-collecting retainers, and so on. These aspects are not covered in this issue. The reader may consult some of the references [1,8]. 

Shahipoor M., Electro-mechanics of ion-elastic beams as electrically-controhable artificial muscles Proc. SPIE, Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices, 3669 (1999) 109. 

R. B., Electro wetting-based actuation for integrated microfluidics, Lab Chip 2002,... 

Duffy, D.C., Schueller, OJ.A., Brittain, S.T., Whitesides, G.M., Rapid prototyping of microfluidic switches in polyfdimethyl siloxane) and their actuation by electro-osmotic flow. J. Micromech. Microeng. 1999, 9, 211-217. 

In dilute aqueous solutions, polyelectrolyte block copolymers self-assemble into micelles consisting of a hydrophobic core and a polyelectrolyte shell. The study of their structural properties is expected to provide a basic understanding of the properties of dense polyelectrolyte layers, electro-steric stabilization mechanisms, and actuator functions based on variations in the electrostatic interactions. 

When compared with piezoelectric/electrostrictive transducers, the electro-magnetically driven variety suffer shortcomings in backlash , in the relatively low forces that can be generated and in their relatively low response speeds. Piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuators are capable of producing displacements of 10 + 0.01 /nn in a time as short as 10 /is, even when the transducer is subjected to high ( 100 kgf) opposing forces. 

The application of actuators in micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) requires the miniaturization (100 to 500 microns) of the permanent-magnet components while preserving as much as possible their bulk magnetic properties. In many instances, a severe degradation in coercivity occurs when the magnet size is reduced at such small dimensions. This is par-... 

The thermostat is an iron box about thirty centimeters square filled with molten lead. An iron blade keeps the lead stirred and a platinum resistance thermometer functions both as a thermometer and as a thermoregulator. The Wheatstone bridge, which contains the resistance thermometer as one arm, is adjusted for a given temperature, and the beam of light from the galvanometer strikes a zero reading on the scale. At this position is introduced a photoelectric cell connected with a radio tube and amplifier, which in turn actuates an electro-magnetic relay. When the temperature reaches the predetermined value, the beam of... 

S.-K. Cho S.-K. Fan H. Moon H and C.-J. Kim, Towards digital microfluidic circuits creating, transporting, cutting and merging liquid droplets by electrowetting-based actuation, Tech. Dig. MEMS 2002 IEEE Inter Conf on Micro Electro Mechaiucal Systems, 11, 454-61 (2002). 

H. Ren, R. B. Fair, and M. G. Pollack, Automated on-chip droplet dispensing with volume control by electro-wetting actuation and capacitance metering, Sensors and Actuators B-Chemical, vol. 98, no. 2-3, pp. 319-327, Mar. 2004. 

Electro-magnetic valve actuation (depends on engine rpm) 2400 - 700... 

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