Electrical sensing

The Ferranti-Shidey viscometer was the first commercial general-purpose cone—plate viscometer many of the instmments stiU remain in use in the 1990s. Viscosities of 20 to 3 x 10 mPa-s can be measured over a shear rate range of 1.8-18, 000 and at up to 200°C with special ceramic cones. Its features include accurate temperature measurement and good temperature control (thermocouples are embedded in the water-jacketed plate), electrical sensing of cone—plate contact, and a means of adjusting and locking the position of the cone and the plate in such a way that these two just touch. Many of the instmments have been interfaced with computers or microprocessors. 

Pressure defined as force per unit area is usually expressed in terms of familiar units of weight-force and area or the height of a column of hq-uid that produces a like pressure at its base. Process pressuremeasuring devices may be divided into three groups (1) those that are based on the measurement of the height of a liquid column, (2) those that are based on the measurement of the distortion of an elastic pressure chamber, and (3) electrical sensing devices. 

Heat sensing, as actual temperature or rate-of-temperature rise, and depending upon melting of a metal (fusion) expansion of a solid, liquid or gas electrical sensing. 

Various techniques and equipment are available for the measurement of particle size, shape, and volume. These include for microscopy, sieve analysis, sedimentation methods, photon correlation spectroscopy, and the Coulter counter or other electrical sensing devices. The specific surface area of original drug powders can also be assessed using gas adsorption or gas permeability techniques. It should be noted that most particle size measurements are not truly direct. Because the type of equipment used yields different equivalent spherical diameter, which are based on totally different principles, the particle size obtained from one method may or may not be compared with those obtained from other methods. 

Electrical sensing devices, 20 682 Electrical steels, tellurium in, 24 425 Electrical systems, utility company, 70 149-150... 

Electric sensing devices (strain gauges, piezoresistive transducers, and piezoelectric transducers)... 

Supramolecular Nucleic Acid Monolayer Structures on Electrodes for Electrical Sensing... 

Lines, R.W. 1996. The electrical sensing zone method (The Coulter Principle). In Liquid and Surface Borne Particle Measurement Handbook. (J.Z. Knapp, ed.) pp. 113-154 Marcel Dekker, New York. 

There are a large number of designs for all types of torsional apparatus, mostly home made. In apparatus for torsional creep the measurement of displacement may be made by a variety of methods e.g. optical lever and spot-following recorder, or electrical sensing. The application of the torque may be made by means of weights or electrically. 

Aliens on worlds illuminated by a sun would have vision because of its survival value. On Earth, eyes of various kinds had evolved numerous times in different animal groups. Even certain one-celled organisms have eyelike structures called eyespots. In general, wherever a sense is vital to an animal, there is an accompanying, noticeable accouterment on the body surface. For example, if hearing is vital for an alien, I d expect some form of ear that may be able to swivel in the direction of sound. If the sense of smell is important, we would expect a nose, long proboscis, or forward-projecting snout. On the other hand, if these senses are diminished or unimportant, and an alien relies on a sense like the electrical sense of fish, we would expect the external accouterments to be smaller with less features—eyes, ears, and noses would be smaller. 

Various techniques are utilised to measure particle size range. Sieving is the most common technique, particularly for suspension resins, and can be used to measure particles above 30 microns. For particle sizes below 100 microns, techniques such as sedimentation, optical and electrical sensing can be used. 

The electrical sensing zone method (the Coulter principle)... 

II ASTM E 1772-95(1995) (1997), Particle size distribution of chromatography media by electrical sensing zone technique, 450... 

British Standard BS3405 Part 5,(1983), Determination of Particle Size Distributions, Recommendations for the Electrical Sensing Zone Method, The Coulter Principle, 450, 462, 463... 

ISO 13319 Determination of particle size distributions - Electrical sensing zone method, 450... 

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