ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF GRAPHITE

R. Sengupta, M. Bhattacharya, S. Bandyopadhyay, A.K. Bhowmick, A review on the mechanical and electrical properties of graphite and modified graphite reinforced polymer composites. Progress in Polymer Science (Oxford), 36 (5), 638-670, 2011. 

Fan Z, Zheng C, Wei T, Zhang Y, Luo G (2009) Effect of carbon black on electrical property of graphite nanoplatelets/epoxy resin composites. Polym Eng Sci 49 2041 Filippone G, Causa A, Filippone G, Causa A, de Luna MS, Sanguigno L, Aciemo D (2014) Assembly of plate-like nanoparticles in immiscible polymer blends—effect of the presence of a preferred liquid-liquid interface. Soft Matter 10 3183 Fisher ME, Essam J (1961) Some cluster size and percolation problems. J Math Phys 2 609 Foygel M, Morris R, Anez D, French S, Soholev VL (2005) Theoretical and computational studies of carbon nanotube composites and suspensions electrical and thermal conductivity. Phys Rev B 71 104201... 

Graphite. Carbon is not a metal, but the electrical properties of graphite are similar to those of metals. 

Senguptaa, R., Bhattacharyaa, M., Bandyopadhyay, S., Bhomicka, A.K., 2010. A Review on the Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Graphite and Modified Graphite Reinforced Polymer Composites (Elsevier). 

It is known that the electrical properties of CNTs insulator, semiconductor or metal, are caused by the structure in graphitic sheet [2,3]. It is difficult to observe the individual graphitic structure in a sheet of CNT by TEM, because... 

The physicochemical properties of carbonaceous materials can be altered in a predictable manner by different types of treatments. For example, heat treatment of soft carbons, depending on the temperature, leads to an increase in the crystallite parameters, La and Lc and a decrease in the d(0 0 2) spacing. Besides these physical changes in the carbon material, other properties such as the electrical conductivity and chemical reactivity are changed. A review of the electronic properties of graphite and other types of carbonaceous materials is presented by Spain [3],... 

A carbon rod is used as a current collector for the positive electrode in dry cells. It is made by heating an extruded mixture of carbon (petroleum coke, graphite) and pitch which serves as a binder. A heat treatment at temperatures of about 1100 °C is used to carbonize the pitch and to produce a solid structure with low resistance. For example, Takahashi [23] reported that heat treatment reduced the specific resistance from 1 Q cm to 3.6xlO"1Qcm and the density increased from 1.7 to 2.02 gem- 1. Fischer and Wissler [24] derived an experimental relationship [Eq. (1)] between the electrical conductivity, compaction pressure, and properties of graphite powder ... 

After a brief period of use, the graphite tubes and rods that are commonly employed In electrothermal atomizers begin to deteriorate, and their electrical characteristics become subject to drift (7,9,47). This is one of the most troublesome sources of analytical variability. Maessen et al (47) demonstrated that the properties of graphite (e.g. porosity ancl conductivity)... 

Electrolyte effects on the cycling stability of lithium storage metals and alloys indicate the importance of SEI formation in this case, too. Very early measurements suggest that additives such as CO2 do not only improve the cycling stability of metallic lithium [41] and graphitic carbons (see above), but also that of lithium storage metals (Fig. 18), which may be related with the electrical properties of the SEI (Fig. 19) [13]. 

Carbon materials provide electrical conduction through the pi bonding system that exists between adjacent carbon atoms in the graphite structure [182]. Electrical properties of nanocomposites based on conducting nanofillers such as EG [183-187], CNTs [188-190], and CNFs [191], dispersed in insulating polymer matrix have found widespread applications in industrial sectors. 

The diphenylalanine nanotube sensors were based on the observation that peptide nanotubes improve the electrochemical properties of graphite and gold electrodes when deposited directly onto the electrode surface (Yemini et al., 2005b). The high surface area of the nanotubes and the potential alignment of aromatic residues are thought to contribute to the observed increase in conductivity. This property makes nanotube-coated electrodes and hydrophobin-coated electrodes suitable for use as amperometric biosensors that produce a current in response to an electrical potential across two electrodes. 

The properties of graphite are strongly anisotropic, the electrical conductivity varying with direction by a factor of in ... 

Nishihara, H. Harada, H. Kaneko, S. Tateishi, M. Aramaki, K. Murray, R.W. Electrochemical and electrical properties of poly(hexachlorobuta-l,3-diene), an electrochemically graphitized film. J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1991, 87, 319-324. 

Carbon is usually classified as a nonmetal. However, the graphite used in lead pencils conducts electricity. Look at a pencil and list two nonmetallic properties of graphite. 

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