Electrical conductivity additives

Instead of electrically conductive additives, thermally conductive additives have also been used to construct thermally conductive tapes used for heat management [ 132]. A particular example of an electrical conductive tape is a z-axis conductive construction shown in Fig. 17. In this case, the conductive particles make contact in the z-direction of the tape without doing so with neighboring particles in the... 

One of possible ways of improving the specific characteristics of LIB electrodes is the use of thermally expanded graphites (TEG) as electrically conductive additives of positive active mass. The efficiency of TEG s use may be illustrated by analyzing a simple theoretical model proposed by us AM - electrically conductive additive (Figure 4). 

The main idea of the model is that in order for the electrically conductive additive to effectively fulfill its functions, it must form a closed cluster (skeleton of the interconnected carbon particles, which is the conducting pass in electrode matrix). Once the sufficient conductive network was formed, further considerable increase of additive content is not needed, as it leads to decrease in the percentage of the electrochemically active constituent in the electrode. 

It follows from the relation obtained that the minimum electrically conductive additive content is directly proportional to the effective density of the additive. By "effective density" we understand the density of the material under real conditions of making the electrode (with allowance for the actual molding (rolling) pressure, humidity, temperature, etc). In this respect, TEG has unique advantages over all existing types of additives. The density of this material in free state (bulk density) is 0.05 g/cm3, which is about one-fourth of that for the ordinary graphite and one-fifteenth to one-twentieth of that for the metal powders (e.g. nickel, copper powders, etc.). 

Application of TEG creates prerequisites for a considerable reduction of the electrically conductive additive s weight content in the electrode (provided, the choice of technological operations in making electrodes, which do not reduce considerably p, is correct). The concept... 

In addition to its role as a pigment, carbon black may be incorporated into polymers as a reinforcement for elastomers, as a UV stabiHser in polyolefins, or as an electrically conducting additive. In each case the physiochemical properties of the filler and its ultimate state of dispersion is critical in order to achieve... 

Traditionally, ABS is used as an insulator because of its high electrical resistance. However, if electrically conducting additives, such as carbon black are added to the ABS resin, the number of potential applications for this material can be markedly increased. 

Many applications require the preparation of composite electrodes in which the active materials are in a powder form which may be nonconductive. Hence, the electrode must include a rigid current collector, a binder and some electrically conducting additive, in addition to the active substance. Such electrodes are important for electrocatalysis and as cathodes for batteries. For instance, many cathode materials for rechargeable Li and Li ion batteries are lithiated transition metal oxides, which appear as a nonconductive powder. 

Although electrochemical characterizations have recently been performed on single intercalation particles, in most cases composite powdery electrodes containing a mixture of intercalation particles, electrically conductive additives (e.g., carbon black) and PVDF binder have also been used. In order to obtain consistent results and to reach comprehensible intercalation mechanisms in these electrodes, basic electroanalytical characterizations such as slow-scan rate -> cyclic voltammetry (SSCV), -> potentiostatic intermittent titration (PITT) (or -> galvanostatic intermittent titration, GITT), and -> electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) should be applied in parallel or in a single study. 

Electrically conductive polymers n. Electrical properties of polymers are their responses when an electric field is applied to them. Business-machine housings, structural components, and static-control accessories often require plastics that have some degree of electrical conductivity. Additives and fillers imparting such conductivity are metal powders, carbon black, carbon... 

For conductive polymers, the surface resistivity is lower (about 10 -10 ohm/sq). The continuous evolution of current technologies has stimulated researchers to develop new and low-cost materials with excellent electrical conductivity. To attain this level of conduction, the polymer is reinforced with electrically conductive additives (Grossiord et al. 2008 Jin et al. 2013). The additives introduced in conductive plastics significantly affect the properties of the polymers, but not all of these changes have been beneficial. The tensile properties and stiffness/flexural moduli often increase while the elongation and impact strength are reduced due to the addition of conductive particles. 

The purposes of the grid are to hold the active material mechanically and conduct electricity between the active material and the ceU terminals. The mechanical support can be provided by nonmetallic materials (polymer, ceramic, rabber, etc.) inside the plate, but these are not electrically conductive. Additional mechanical support is sometimes gained by the construction method or by various wrappings on the outside of the plate. Metals other than lead alloys have been investigated to provide electrieal conductivity, and some (copper, aluminum, silver) are more conductive than lead. These alternate conductors are not corrosion-resistant in the sulfuric acid electrolyte and are often more expensive than lead alloys. Titanium has been evaluated as a grid material it is not corroded after special surface treatments but is very expensive. Copper grids are used in the negatives of some submarine batteries. 

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