Elbow nozzles

Elbow-nozzles on stacked exchangers reduce handling height. 

Volume of vessel (free volume V) Shape of vessel (area and aspect ratio) Type of dust cloud distribution (ISO method/pneumatic-loading method) Dust explosihility characteristics Maximum explosion overpressure P ax Maximum explosion constant K ax Minimum ignition temperature MIT Type of explosion suppressant and its suppression efficiency Type of HRD suppressors number and free volume of HRD suppressors and the outlet diameter and valve opening time Suppressant charge and propelling agent pressure Fittings elbow and/or stub pipe and type of nozzle Type of explosion detector(s) dynamic or threshold pressure, UV or IR radiation, effective system activation overpressure Hardware deployment location of HRD suppressor(s) on vessel... 

Severe corrosion by turbulent mill coolant was found generally throughout a rolling-oil system. Hose couplings were severely wasted in as little as 8 weeks (Fig. 7.23A and B). Turbulence caused by high-velocity flow through nozzles accelerated attack. Attack at bends, elbows, intrusive welds, and discharge areas was also severe. 

It is not recommended to place an elbow at the suction of any pump (Figure 16-2, next page). This will cause a turbulent flow into the pump. If elbows are needed on both sides of the pump, you should u.se long radius elbows with flow straighteners. You should have 10 pipes diameters before the first elbow on the suction piping (Example If the pump has a 4 inch suction nozzle, you should respect 40 inch of straight pipe before the first suction elbow.) Short radius elbows cause vibrations and pressure imbalances that to lead to wear and maintenance on the pump. 

You should respect 10 pipe diameters before the first elbow in the suction piping (Figure 17-16). Example If the pump has a 6 inch suction nozzle, you should have 60 inches of straight pipe before the first elbow. 

This corrosion is most pronounced in locations of high velocity, turbulence, and impingement, such as at elbows, weld reinforcements, pump impellers, steam injection nozzles, and locations where freshly condensed fractions drip upon or run down metal surfaces. 

The twisting rubber hoses or o ringed elbows which connect the rotating pan necks with pipe and the wear plate to the face of the stationary valve The condition of the high impact nozzles mounted on the cloth wash manifold and, for wet cake discharge, the sluicing manifold The support rollers which take the vertical load of the entire machine and the horizontal thrust rolls that maintain the rotating frame concentric The toothed rim and sprocket which drives the pan filter... 

In order to handle higher loads, the liquid baffle is placed at the top to collect liquid and cause it to drop back down through the gas body. If the baffle is omitted, the liquid will run dowm the oudet pipe and be sw ept into the outlet nozzle by the outgoing gas as shown in Figure 4-50B. Figure 4-50 and 4-51 show several alternate entrance and exit details. The unit with a tangential entry is 30%-60% more efficient than one with only a turned-down 90° elbow in the center. 

Design for no more than 90% of calculated maximum flux when using full shell diameter top outlet elbows. When using top-tee type side outlet vapor nozzles, use 76% and 60% of the calculated maximum flux for organics and inorganics, respectively. 

For 90° elbows off of top vapor outlet channels, the area of nozzle for flow must be minimum of 1.25 X the flow area (net) of all tubes. 

Assume the reboiler -will have a full shell diameter top outlet elbow vapor nozzle. Thus, a flux of (104,000) (0.90) or 93,600 Btu/hr (fP) is possible if steam temperature is adequate. At the latter flux, the fouled AT = 204°F. This -will require a steam temperature of 298 + 204 or 498°F equivalent to 693 psia steam. Because only 200 psig steam is available do-wnstream of the control valve at the chest, a lower flux must be used. 

Differential Pressure Meters Differential pressure meters or head meters measure the change in pressure across a special flow element. The differential pressure increases with increasing flow rate. The pitot tubes described previously work on this principle. Other examples include orifices [see also Eqs. (6-111) and (8-102), and Fig. 10-14], nozzles (Fig. 10-19), targets, venturis (see also Sec. 8 and Fig. 10-17), and elbow meters. Averaging pitot tubes produce a pressure differential that is based on multiple measuring points across the flow path. 

Methods of estimating friction losses for flow through straight pipes, orifices, nozzles, elbows, and so on are given in Section 10 of Perry s Chemical Engineers Handbook (see footnote 2) and will not be discussed in this text. In the balance of this book we consider only processes in which friction losses are either specified or neglected. 

Installed alone as a semi-refractory material, the foamed borosilicate glass block lining withstands hot face temperatures up to 960°F. It may also be used with refractory, chemical-resistant masonry or monolithic internal linings at temperatures above 960°F providing a unique combination of corrosion protection and heat conservation with little added weight and a lesser overall lining thickness. The foamed glass block may also be fabricated into nozzles, T-sec-tions, elbows, liner inserts and other custom shapes. 

The piping arrangement should also provide access for tube removal. This usually means a spool piece or flanged elbow in the pipe line connecting to the top of the channel nozzle. 

Components Parts that make up a piece of equipment or equipment itan. For example, a pressure boundary may consist of components (pipe, elbows, heat exchanger tubes, heads, shells, nozzles, skirts, supports, etc.) that are bolted or welded and assembled to make up equipment items [10]. 

Typical systems susceptible to erosion corrosion are piping (particularly where turbulence is intensified as in bends, elbows and tees), valves, pumps, blowers, propellers, impellers, turbine blades, nozzles, ducts, and grinders. The nature and properties of surface passivating films are very important from the standpoint of erosion corrosion. A hard, dense, adherent, and continuous film would provide better protection than a nonadherent film. The ability for the film to re-form upon breakdown, is referred to as film-repair . 

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