Effluents urban

Phenol has been detected in surface waters, rainwater, sediments, drinking water, groundwater, industrial effluents, urban runoff, and at hazardous waste sites. Background levels of phenol from relatively pristine sites can be as high as 1 ppb for unpolluted groundwater and have been reported to range from 0.01 to 1 ppb in unpolluted rivers (Thurman 1985). Phenol has been detected in Lake Huron water at 3-24 ppb (Konasewich et al. 1978) and industrial rivers in the United States at 0-5 ppb (Sheldon and... 

Isophorone has been detected in surface waters, sediments, drinking water, industrial effluents, urban runoff, and in runoff waters from hazardous waste sites. Table 5-1 summarizes the available data. 

High boiling petroleum distillate Industrial stack effluent Urban suspended particulate matter Cigarette smoke condensate... 

Herndndez F, Bijlsma L, Sancho JV, Diaz R, Ibanez M. Rapid wide-scope screening of drugs of abuse, prescription drugs with potential for abuse and their metabolites in influent and effluent urban wastewater by ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography—quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011 684 87-97. 

Lofton DD, Hershey AE, Whalen SC (2007) Evaluation of denitrification in an urban stream receiving wastewater effluent. Biogeochemistry 86 77-90... 

Bodaly RA, Rudd JWM, Flett RJ. 1998. Effect of urban sewage treatment on total and methyhnercury concentrations in effluents. Biogeochemistry 40 279-291. 

The fate of hormones in urban WWTP has been abundantly documented. Several studies reported high removal rates for hormones from the liquid phase of sewage, particularly in those WWTP using activated sludge processes. For instance, removal rates of 40-96%, 40-100%, 40-96%, and 40-98% for, respectively, El, E2, E3, and EE2 were reported in WWTP all around the world. Nevertheless, residual hormone concentrations of < 0.3-100 ng L 1 of El, < 0.2-20 ng L 1 of E2, < 1-275 ng L 1 of E3, and < 0.3-7.5 ng L 1 of EE2 have been detected in treated effluents, which shows that hormones were not completely removed by the treatment processes [82, 84, 86, 90, 95-97]. 

Fig. 3 Concentrations of main families of pharmaceuticals found in treated effluents from urban wastewater treatment plants [136]...

Pesticides in wastewaters come typically from point sources of contamination such as disposal sites and landfills where industrial or agricultural wastes are buried without any consideration, as well as discharges from industrial effluents from pesticide production plants. Furthermore, nonpoint sources derived from regular agricultural activities, especially in intensive agricultural areas, and accidental spills can also be significant. Urban use of pesticides is also possible in large cities where the use of herbicides and insecticides may result in runoff into the sewers. These sewers in turn may expel pesticides into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). 

Krotoszynski BK, Bruneau GM, O Neill HJ. 1979. Measurement of chemical inhalation exposure in urban population in the presence of endogenous effluents. J Anal Toxicol 3(6) 225-234. 

However, as far as we know, the distribution of LAS biodegradation intermediates according to depth in the sediment column has been determined only in marine sediments [58]. This study was performed in a saltmarsh channel (Sancti Petri Channel, Cadiz Bay, Spain), receiving untreated urban wastewater effluents. In this zone the benthic organisms are very scarce [59], and the capacity for irrigation of... 

Although the marine environment can generally be considered the final destination of industrial and urban wastewater effluents, studies of biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in this compartment have been scarce until recently [1—8]. The removal of LAS from the marine medium seems to be an efficient process, as shown by the low levels of LAS detected in samples of both water and sediment [9—11]. High values have only been found in zones close to the direct wastewater effluent discharge points of urban areas [11]. 

Phenol has also been found in the primary and secondary effluent from the Los Angeles City Treatment Plant at concentrations of 32 and <10 ppb, respectively (Young et al. 1983). It was found in 3 of 86 samples of runoff from 2 of 15 cities at 3-10 ppb by the U.S. Nationwide Urban Runoff Program as of July of 1982 (Cole et al. 1984). In the STORET database, 50% of 525 data points for U.S. industrial effluents were positive for the presence of phenol. The mean and range of the reported concentrations were 215 and 1.0-29,000 ppb, respectively (EPA 1988c). 

Seafood may naturally contain small amounts of various PAHs, absorbed from the sea water. The aquatic environment is contaminated with PAHs due to oil spills, incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, industrial and urban effluents, extraction from creosoted wharfs and pilings, as well as from biosynthesis by plants and marine microorganisms. 

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