Effluents pollutants

Efficient stochastic genetic algorithm (ESGA), optimization via, 26 1032 Efficient stochastic annealing (ESTA), optimization via, 26 1030 Effluent gases, lime industry, 15 76 Effluent guidelines/standards, 21 581-582 Effluent handling, in pilot plants, 19 467 Effluent pollutant, 9 303 Effluents... 

During the verification sampling effort, the ash pond overflows of nine facilities were sampled to further quantify those effluent pollutants identified in the screening program. The data are presented in Table 3A and 3B for information of intake and discharge, respectively. 

The European Inland Fisheries Advisory Commission (EIFAC 1980) reviewed the toxicity of 76 binary mixtures of common effluent pollutants to fish. Mixture effects occurred at 0.4 to 26 times the exposure concentration expected under concentration-additive toxicity, with 87% of the data ranging between 0.5 and 1.5 times this concentration. Substances with concentrations lower than 0.2 toxic units (TU) appeared not to contribute to the toxicity of the mixtures. In contrast to the apparent lack of effects at low mixture concentrations, subsequent papers (Konemann 1981 Hermens et al. 1985 Deneer et al. 1988) showed that apparently equitoxic mixtures containing 8, 9, 11, 24, 33, and 50 organic chemicals at concentrations that were only small fractions of the individual EC50 values were indeed able to induce responses that agreed with the concentration-addition models. These formed the basis of an updated report (EIFAC 1987). 

Specific exposure concentrations for effluent dilution are often evenly spaced in a linear or geometric series (e.g., 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25% effluent). Replicate exposures are required, with test vessels arranged in the incubator in a randomized block design. At the end of the test, statistical calculations of NOECs for survival and reproduction or growth are typically performed as a multiple comparison procedure of effluent-treated groups. The induced effects of effluent pollutants on growth or reproduction and on survival may or may not be equal, suggesting information on the relative... 

The mass transfer zone will move down the column with time. When it reaches the bottom of the column, the effluent pollutant concentration will start to rise above the minimum value, and this is known as breakthrough. When the very bottom layers of carbon... 

Adsorbent columns can be used until they are exhausted by placing them in series. As one column is exhausted, it is taken off line and the adsorbent is replaced or regenerated. The column can then be placed below the second column, and the process is continued. If only one column were to be used, it would have to be regenerated sometime before exhaustion, depending on the allowable effluent pollutant concentration. Placing columns in parallel is also a possibility, so that breakthrough in one column will not significantly affect the effluent quality. 

Technology-based controls consist of uniform EPA established standards of treatment that apply to direct industrial dischargers and publicly owned waste water treatment works. These uniform standards, known as effluent limitations, generally are in the heart of NPDES permits and place numeric limits on the amount of effluent pollutant concentrations permitted at the point of discharge (end-of-pipe). 

Sansanayuth, P., Phadungchep, A., Ngammontha, S., Ngdngam, S., Sukasem, P., Hishino, H. and Ttabucanon, M.S. (1996) Shrimp pond effluent pollution problems and treatment by constructed wetlands. Water Science and Technology, 34, 93—98. 

Electrochemical methods of reduction and oxidation of vat and sulfur dyes is an emerging area. Research to date has shown that electrochemical reduction and oxidation can be used to reduce effluent pollution (BoziC and Kokol, 2008). Extension into the research in this area may provide interesting opportunities in the red-ox steps in vat and sulfur dyeings. 

Khatri, A., Peerzada, M.H., Mohsin, M., White, M., 2015. A review on developments in dyeing cotton fabrics with reactive dyes for reducing effluent pollution. J. Clean. Prod. 87, 50-57. 

The environmental aspects of coal combustion have been a major factor in the various processes, and the movement of the fossil fuel base away from petroleum and natural gas to coal has increased the need for effluent/pollutant control for large, fossil-fueled power plants (Argonne, 1990). Very large amounts of coal are consumed in generating electricity and the emissions from power stations and similar industrial sources represent a potential, and considerable, environmental hazard. These power plants and the accompanying flue gas desulfurization processes emit effluents, which often are pollutants, and which by mere contact with the external environment or by (generally) simple atmospheric chemical transformations, may form secondary pollutants that are more harmful than the initial effluent/pollutant. 

If urban or industrial effluents pollute the water of harbours, the corrosion resistance of aluminium can be modified, provided that the pollutants have an influence on the corrosivity of seawater. As in the case of freshwater, the nature of the pollutants must be known in order to predict the corrosion resistance of aluminium in a polluted harbour. 

---