Exchange efficiency

In a regime of strong interaction between the chains no optical coupling between the ground slate and the lowest excited state occurs. The absence of coupling, however, has a different origin. Indeed, below 7 A, the LCAO coefficients start to delocalize over the two chains and the wavefunclions become entirely symmetric below 5 A due to an efficient exchange of electrons between the chains. This delocalization of the wavcfunclion is not taken into account in the molecular exciton model, which therefore becomes unreliable at short chain separations. Analysis of the one-electron structure of the complexes indicates that the... 

The resultant low level of particular salts remaining in a processed water after passing through an ion-exchange plant. Slippage occurs because of a less than totally efficient exchange capability processes. 

Perhaps no technology in human history has radically changed so many disciplines as the introduction of personal computing and the now-ubiquitous presence of the World Wide Web. What the joint application of these enabling technologies allows us to do is to instantaneously and efficiently exchange... 

The cost of recovery will be reduced if the streams are located conveniently close. The amount of energy that can be recovered will depend on the temperature, flow, heat capacity, and temperature change possible, in each stream. A reasonable temperature driving force must be maintained to keep the exchanger area to a practical size. The most efficient exchanger will be the one in which the shell and tube flows are truly countercurrent. Multiple tube pass exchangers are usually used for practical reasons. With multiple tube passes the flow will be part counter-current and part co-current and temperature crosses can occur, which will reduce the efficiency of heat recovery (see Chapter 12). 

Fig. 5.4. Correlation between R0 and FRET efficiency. Exchanging ECFP/ EYFP (R0 = 4.72 nm, dashed line) for the red-shifted VFP FRET-pair mKO/ mCherry (R0 = 6.37 nm, solid line) will increase the measured FRET efficiency, since the distance between donor and acceptor is expected to remain unchanged. A FRET pair with increased R0 yields detectable FRET over longer distances and can be used to measure protein-protein interaction between larger proteins.

Vinyl ethers are important raw materials in the production of glutaraldehyde, as well as of vinyl polymer materials which contain oxygen and are expected to degrade easily in Nature. The [IrCl(cod)]2 catalyzes an efficient exchange reaction between vinyl acetate 57 and alcohols or phenols 58, leading to the corresponding vinyl ethers 59 (Equation 10.11) [27]. Usually, the acid-catalyzed exchange reaction between alcohols and vinyl acetate results in alkyl acetates 60, and also to vinyl alcohol 61 which is readily isomerized to acetaldehyde 62. 

The close proximity of the blood in the sinusoids with the hepatocytes allows efficient exchange of compounds, both endogenous and exogenous, and consequently foreign compounds are taken up very readily into hepatocytes. For example, the drug propranolol is extensively extracted in the "first pass" through the liver. 

Pre-export notifications remain the cornerstone of the system of monitoring international trade. Therefore, the Board encourages all Governments to utilize the new PEN Online system for the quick and more efficient exchange of data. 

The reverse-flow reactor can be used to carry out the complete combustion of pollutants contained in air streams and to carry out reversible exothermic reactions. For the former application, the efficient exchange of... 

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