Effects of toxicants

The Registry of the Effects of Toxic Substances, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, PubHc Health Services, Center for Disease Control, and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Washington, D.C., 1977, updated quarterly. 

I. GeUer, W. C. Stebbius, and M. J. Wayner, eds.. Test Methodsfor Definition of Effects of Toxic Substances on Behavior and Neuromotor Function, NeurobehavioralToxicology, Vol. 1, Suppl. 1, 1979. 

The next two sections discuss accidents tiiat result in the release of a toxic emission or a liazardous spill. In general, a to.xic emission can be considered to be either continuous or instantaneous. In tliis section only tlie atmospheric effects of toxic emissions are considered. Hower cr, hazardous spills (ne 1 section) usutilly denote a liquid contamination of either soil or water systems in addition a liazardous chemical spill may lead to tlie release of toxic emissions. 

Fhtients taking a diuretic and a digitalis glycoside must be monitored closely. Thiazide and loop diuretics (see Chap. 46) may increase the risk and effects of toxicity. 

Overall the results reported in this review indicate that water scarcity might increase metal exposure (due to low dilution), metal uptake (due to higher retention under low flow), and metal toxicity and/or accumulation (depending on the dose and time of exposure), but also might cause opposite effects depending on the source of pollution. In addition, water scarcity will influence nutrient loads and will also modulate the fate and effects of metals. Thus, future studies addressing the role of environmental stress on the effects of toxicants at community scale are key to predict the impact of toxicants in the aquatic ecosystems. 

To protect the public from the harmful effects of toxic chemicals and to find ways to treat people who have been harmed, scientists use many tests. 

Vos JG, Krajnc El, Beekhof PK, et al. 1982. Methods for testing immune effects of toxic chemicals Evaluation of the immunotoxicity of various pesticides in the rat. In Miyamoto J, Kearney PC, eds. Pesticide chemistry Human welfare and the environment. Oxford, England Pergamon Press, 497-504. 

Alvarez-Cohen L, McCarty PL. 1991a. Effects of toxicity, aeration and reductant supply on trichloroethylene transformation by a mixed methanotrophic culture. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 228-235. 

Triage is a searchable database of scientific studies on the health and environmental effects of toxic chemicals related to Section 8(e) of TSCA. 

Calabrese A, Thurberg FP, Dawson MA, WenzlofF DR. 1975. Sublethal physiological stress induced by cadmium and mercury in the winter flounder (Pseudoplumnectes amer-icanus). In Koeman JH, Strik JJ, editors, Sublethal effects of toxic chemicals on aquatic animals. Amsterdam Elsevier. 

Rudneva-Titova I. 1998. The biochemical effects of toxicants in developing eggs and larvae of Black Sea fish species. Mar Environ Res 46 499-500. 

Rapid hydrolysis aids in lowering the duration of effectiveness of toxic chemical agents. For example, in the presence of water or water vapor, lewisite (L) rapidly hydrolyzes. Therefore, it has a shorter duration of effectiveness than distilled mustard (HD). 

Regular medical check-ups on employees, to check for the chronic effects of toxic materials. 

Huseman CA, Varma MM, Angle CR. 1992. Neuroendocrine effects of toxic and low blood lead levels in children. Pediatrics 90 186-189. 

Anderson NL et al. Effects of toxic agents at the protein level quantitative measurement of 213 mouse liver proteins following xenobiotic treatment. 

ATP measured by luciferin-luciferase BL assay was used to examine the effect of toxic substances on whole microbial communities in activated sludge mixed liquid samples [114], It was used to detect whether wastewater had an effect on the biodegradation capability of the resident population of microorganisms. Actually ATP BL represents an important rapid toxicity test that utilizes waste treatment natural microorganisms to determine the toxicity of wastes discharged to the sewer [132],... 

Structural variations may be also produced at the microscopical scale and are able to produce significant improvements in our understanding of stressor effects. Observation of the biofilm architecture and characterisation of the different fractions (i.e. algae, bacteria, mucopolysaccharides) may be useful to identify particular effects of toxicants to selective components of the biofilm. The use of confocal laser scanning microscopy remains promising [25]. 

Measurement of exoenzymatic activities is potentially useful in detecting the effects of toxicants on heterotrophic biofilm communities. Sensitivity and direct relationship with organic matter use and, therefore, microbial growth make extracellular enzyme activities a relevant tool to assess the toxicity of specific compounds. Use of novel approaches that combine enzymatic and microscopic tools (e.g. ELF-phosphatase) may be extremely useful to detect anomalies at the sub-cellular scale. 

Calabrese, A., F.R Thurberg, M.A. Dawson, and D.R. Wenzloff. 1975. Sublethal physiological stress induced by cadmium and mercury in winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus. Pages 15-21 in J.H. Koeman and J.J.T.W.A. Strik (eds.). Sublethal Effects of Toxic Chemicals on Aquatic Animals, Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co., Amsterdam. 

Schafer, H., H. Hettler, U. Fritsche, G. Pitzen, G. Roderer, and A. Wenzel. 1994. Biotests using unicellular algae and ciliates for predicting long-term effects of toxicants. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 27 64-81. 

Willford, W.A. 1971. Heavy metals research in the Great Lakes, 1970-1971. Pages 53-65 in Prevalence and Effects of Toxic Metals in the Aquatic Environment. Proc. Univ. North Carolina, Rep. 57. 

How Toxicants Are Eliminated from Biological Organisms 39 2-3 Effects of Toxicants on Biological Organisms 40 2-4 Toxicological Studies 41 2-5 Dose versus Response 42... 

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