Effects of Exposure

Toxicology relates to the physiological effect, source, symptoms, and corrective measures for toxic materials. Poisons can be divided into several general categories asphyxiants, corrosives, sensitizers, carcinogens, mutagens, teratogens, and irritants. 

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Contact with aciylamide can be hazardous and should be avoided. The most serious toxicological effect of exposure to acrylamide monomer is as a... 

Geotextiles may be woven, nonwoven, or knitted. AH types, woven, nonwoven, or knitted, are susceptible to degradation owing to the effects of ultraviolet light and water. Thus stabilizing agents are added to the base polymeric material to lessen the effects of exposure to ultraviolet light and water. 

Table 3 shows the toxicological properties of selected ketones. A detailed review of the physiological effects of exposure to methyl ethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone has been documented (6). 

Health Effects Of Exposure to Row Revels oflonifing Radiation, Report of Committee on the Biological Effects of Radiation (BEIR Report V), National... 

The toxic effects of chloroform resemble those of carbon tetrachloride. The probable effects of exposure to various atmospheric concentrations of chloroform are summarized in Table 4 (37). 

Dichloroethylene is toxic by inhalation and ingestion and can be absorbed by the skin. It has a TLV of 200 ppm (10). The odor does not provide adequate warning of dangerously high vapor concentrations. Thorough ventilation is essential whenever the solvent is used for both worker exposure and flammabihty concerns. Symptoms of exposure include narcosis, dizziness, and drowsiness. Currently no data are available on the chronic effects of exposure to low vapor concentrations over extended periods of time. 

The threshold limit value for ethyl alcohol vapor in air has been set at 1000 ppm for an 8-h time-weighted exposure by the ACGIH (1989 listing). The minimum identifiable odor of ethyl alcohol has been reported as 350 ppm. Exposure to concentrations of 5,000—10,000 ppm result in irritation of the eyes and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and, if continued for an hour or more, may result in stupor or drowsiness. Concentrations of this latter order of magnitude have an intense odor and are almost intolerable to begin with, but most people can become acclimated to the exposure after a short time. Table 7 gives the effects of exposure to even heavier concentrations. 

Many sophisticated models and correlations have been developed for consequence analysis. Millions of dollars have been spent researching the effects of exposure to toxic materials on the health of animals the effects are extrapolated to predict effects on human health. A considerable empirical database exists on the effects of fires and explosions on structures and equipment. And large, sophisticated experiments are sometimes performed to validate computer algorithms for predicting the atmospheric dispersion of toxic materials. All of these resources can be used to help predict the consequences of accidents. But, you should only perform those consequence analysis steps needed to provide the information required for decision making. 

A difficulty that should not be overlooked is that airborne particulates are rarely homogeneous. They vary greatly in size and shape, and their chemical composition is determined by factors specific to the source and location of the emissions. The combined effects and interactions of various substances mixed with particulates have not yet been established (except for sulfur dioxide), but they are believed to be significant, especially where long-term exposure occurs. Measurement techniques and their reliability may vary across regions and countries, and so may other factors, such as diet, lifestyle, and physical fitness, that influence the human health effects of exposure to particulates. 

The effect of exposure of plastics to the environment for a length of time. The specific effect and degree depend on the moisture in, and temperature and composition of, the environment, in addition to the length of exposure. 

Folinsbee, 1,. J. (1989). Human health effects of exposure to airborne acid. Environmental Health Perspectives 79, 195-199. 

Human health effects of operations. This requires assessment of such things as workplace exposures effects of exposure to air toxics, contaminated drinking water and soil and exposures during product use, misuse, and disposal. 

TABLE 8.2.3 Predicted Human Health Effects of Exposure to Various ... 

W. Braker et af. Effects of Exposure to Toxic Gases—First Aid and Medical Treatment, " ed., Matlieson, Lindliurst, NJ, 1977. 

National Academy of Science. (1999). Health Effects of Exposure to Radon BEIR VI, Committee on Health Risks of Exposure to Radon. Washington, DC National Academy Press. 

Table 2.17 Effect of exposure period on corrosion rate of mild ...

Owing to the laborious task of obtaining corrosion rates from gravimetric measurements, data for the effect of exposure time on corrosion rates have been very limited. However, with the more recent use of polarisation resistance measurements it would appear that in the absence of macro-biofouling... 

The effect of exposure time on the corrosion of copper and aluminium is illustrated in Table 2.17. The results quoted by Southwell, Hummer and... 

It may be felt that the initiation of a stress-corrosion test involves no more than bringing the environment into contact with the specimen in which a stress is generated, but the order in which these steps are carried out may influence the results obtained, as may certain other actions at the start of the test. Thus, in outdoor exposure tests the time of the year at which the test is initiated can have a marked effect upon the time to failure as can the orientation of the specimen, i.e. according to whether the tension surface in bend specimens is horizontal upwards or downwards or at some other angle. But even in laboratory tests, the time at which the stress is applied in relation to the time at which the specimen is exposed to the environment may influence results. Figure 8.100 shows the effects of exposure for 3 h at the applied stress before the solution was introduced to the cell, upon the failure of a magnesium alloy immersed in a chromate-chloride solution. Clearly such prior creep extends the lifetime of specimens and raises the threshold stress very considerably and since other metals are known to be strain-rate sensitive in their cracking response, it is likely that the type of result apparent in Fig. 8.100 is more widely applicable. 

Table 1 details the effects of exposure of a variety of metals and alloys to the soins en-numerated above... 

This public health statement tells you about methyl parathion and the effects of exposure. 

This section will describe clinical practice and research concerning methods for reducing toxic effects of exposure to methyl parathion. However, because some of the treatments discussed may be experimental and unproven, this section should not be used as a guide for treatment of exposures to methyl parathion. When specific exposures have occurred, poison control centers and medical toxicologists should be... 

Larsen K-0, Hand HK. 1982. Effect of exposure to organophosphorus compounds on S-cholinesterase in workers removing poisonous depots. Scand J Work Environ Health 8 222-226. 

Davy, F.B., Kleereko. H., and Matis, J.H. (1973). Effects of exposure to sublethal DDT on exploratory behavior of goldfish (Carassius auratus). Water Resources Research 9, 900-905. 

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