Effectiveness of cooling system

J. S. Matfice, Environmental Effects of Cooling Systems, Technical Report Series 202, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vieima, 1980, pp. 12—26, 148-167. 

In an example of a sliding temperature path, we consider the effects of cooling from 300 °C to 25 °C a system in which a 1 molal NaCl solution is in equilibrium with the feldspars albite (NaAlSiaOs) and microcline (KAlSisOg), quartz (SiC>2), and muscovite [KAl3Si30io(OH)2]. To set up the calculation, we enter the commands... 

The spectra are very smooth when compared to the emission spectra shown for polystyrene particles in Figure 8.1. The anticipated resonances are not observed in Figure 8.23. The evaporation of the particle at room temperature is slow, but is still rapid enough that over the integration time of the detection system the resonance structure is completely washed out. Figure 8.24 shows the effect of cooling the levitating chamber to 13°C. The upper curve shows the emission spectrum of a cooled particle. The next lower curve shows a room temperature spectrum of a similar particle. The lowest... 

Most chemical treatment programs have not in the past specifically focused on controlling silica levels in cooling water, and as a consequence almost all analyses of scales and deposits taken from the waterside of cooling systems, especially from heat exchangers, have shown the presence of small percentages of silica. Research over the last five years or so has led to the introduction of silica-specific deposit control polymers and has also led, with some success, to the reevaluation and promotion of some established calcium carbonate polymer products for effective silica control. 

Designers of cooling systems use a variety of metals for system components, based on the need to provide a conduit for the recirculation of water and to provide sufficient strength, rigidity, and resistance to the effects of corrosion and the manufacturing processes. Also, the need is to provide for efficient heat transfer, etc., all at an acceptable cost and material life span. 

Anything practical that can be done to prevent or minimize the ingress or the effects of these contaminants is a vital part of cooling system management and is to be encouraged. 

There is, unfortunately, no foolproof guide available for the selection and application of microbiocides that can realistically ensure continuous, effective microbiological control in different types of cooling systems and under various operating conditions. 

A developing and welcome trend is the promotion of cooling system biocides that owe much of their biocidal properties to effective on-line cleaning abilities rather than just toxicity. This trend is in part a response to increased environmental awareness but also the recognition by many operators of good housekeeping practice and Responsible Care. 

Specific adherence to mandatory regulations or recommended operating standards for the safe and effective operation of cooling systems, especially those pertaining to the control of legionellosis... 

British Association for Chemical Specialities. The Control of Legionellae by the Safe and Effective Operation of Cooling Systems—A Code of Practice (see also Code of Practice Update, 1995). British Association for Chemical Specialities, 1989. 

Problem 8 Apply phase rule to lead-silver system. Mention the effect of cooling and also explain the Pattinson s process for desilverisation of lead ores. 

Problem 9 Apply phase rule to potassium iodide and water system. Explain the effect of cooling on the system. 

Effect of cooling If we cool a solution of composition x, then the temperature will fall along xy without any change in the composition, as the system in bivariant At y, solid ice will separate out. The system becomes univariant. The change in temperature will now be followed by a change in composition. Hence, the temperature will fall along yC when at C, potassium iodide will separate out as a new solid phase. Similarly, we can predict the effect of cooling a solution of composition x. ... 

Reducing the size of cooling system we increase its efficiency, improve system performance by adding micro scale function (microporous heat pipe effect) to macro scale engineering application. 

This collection mode involves deposition on stainless steel by the sole effect of cooling the restrictor and pointing its outlet at metal balls. As a result, its performance is markedly temperature-dependent. Experiments with open and sealed collection systems have revealed the former to be subject to much more significant losses [51]. Obviously, the volatility of the target analytes plays a crucial role also in this step and, as such, must be carefully optimized. 

Fouconnier, B., Avendano-Gomez, J., Ballerat, K., and Clausse, D. Effects of cooling-heating cycles on emulsions. Thermal Behavior of Dispersed Systems, Surfactant Science Series, Vol. 93, N. Garti, ed., Marcel Dekker, New York, 2000, chap. 5. 

Because the dark current properties of SPD and MCP-SPD arrays are low and much of the dark current has thermal origins, the dark current can be substantially reduced by detector cooling. Most devices are equipped with Peltier-effect thermoelectric cooling systems coupled to cold liquid coolant systems to achieve temperatures as low as -40 to -80°C in some designs. 

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