Effect of Various Parameters

Effect of frequency dependence on lightning surge for no flashover case, (a) Frequency-dependent model, (b) Frequency-independent model. 

The effect of various earth resistivities was also investigated, and it appears that there is no significant difference between calculated results with the earth resistivity of 50-1000 O-m. 

Line Model Frequency-Dependent Line Model Constant Frequency Line Model  

Influence of a tower model on a tower top voltage, (a) Measured results, (b) Frequency-dependent tower model with a resistive footing impedance, (c) Distributed line tower model 

The parameters are the same as those in Table 2.4 for a 77 kV system except the lightning current of 40 kA based on the field measurement [33]. The lower phase arc horn voltage is relatively smaller than the other phase arc horn voltages on the 500 kV (EHV) line compared with those on the 77 kV line. Thus, an arc horn flashover phase on an EHV line is rather independent from the ac source voltage, and the lower phase flashover is less probable than the other phase flash-over. On the contrary, flashover probability is rather the same on each phase, and a flashover is dependent on the ac source voltage on a low-voltage line. 

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Effect of Various Parameters on the Output and Heat Rate... 

In the combustor, the only two parameters that can be measured are fuel pressure and evenness of combustion noise. Turbine inlet temperatures are not usually measured due to very high temperatures and limited probe life. Table 19-6 shows the effect of various parameters on important functions of the combustor. 

The effect of various parameters on the difference between vapor and liquid pressure is illustrated in Figs. 8.3 and 8.4. The effect of the Fuler and Weber numbers as well as the thermal parameter is highly noticeable. An increase in Fu, We and d- leads to a decrease in AP, whereas the difference of both phase pressures is practically independent of Reynolds number. An increase in the Froude number is accompanied by an increase in AP for a small Fr. At Fr > 10 the effect of Fr on AP is negligible. 

The effect of various parameters on the efficiency coefficient is illustrated in Fig. 10.15a-d. It may be seen, that an increase of heat flux on the wall leads to a significant decrease in 17. It is due to the meniscus displacement towards the inlet and growth of heat losses into the cooling liquid. The calculations show (Fig. 10.15a-c) that for given values of parameters there is some optimal value of a micro-channel s diameter and length, at which the coefficient of efficiency reaches maximum. 

An alternative to the rotating disk method in a quiescent fluid is a stationary disk placed in a rotating fluid. This method, like the rotating disk, is based on fluid mechanics principles and has been studied using benzoic acid dissolving into water [30], Khoury et al. [31] applied the stationary disk method to the study of the mass transport of steroids into dilute polymer solutions. Since this method assumes that the rotating fluid near the disk obeys solid body rotation, the stirring device and the distance of the stirrer from the disk become important considerations when it is used. A similar device was developed by Braun and Parrott [32], who used stationary spherical tablets in a stirred liquid to study the effect of various parameters on the mass transport of benzoic acid. 

R Braun, E Parrot. Effect of various parameters upon diffusion-controlled dissolution of benzoic acid. J Pharm Sci 61 592, 1972. 

On the other hand, if 02 existed in the reaction system, the reaction mechanism would be affected by the reactions with 02 the reaction mechanism is dependent on the types of dissolved gases in the sample solution. The details for the effects of various parameters on the reduction of metal ions and formation of metal nanoparticles are described in the following sections. 

Effects of Various Parameters on the Rates of Reduction of Metal Ions... 

The effects of various parameters on the rates of sonochemical reduction of metal ions were described in the previous sections. From this section, the effects of such parameters on the properties of metal nanoparticles are described in relation to the rates of reduction. 

To understand the effect of various parameters during sonocrystallization process following process was adapted, the experimental setup is shown in Fig. 7.1. The carbonation reaction was carried out in a semibatch reactor consisting of... 

All aspects of prevention of magnesium (and aluminium) dust explosions in storage, handling or processing operations are covered in two recent US National Fire Codes [1]. Effects of various parameters on ignition of magnesium powders were studied [2], Maximum explosion pressures of 7.9 bar, with maximum rate of rise of 884 bar/s have been recorded [3],... 

Delmas et al. produced PVP-stabilized rhodium nanoparticles using the method reported by Hirai [32] to perform catalytic hydrogenation of oct-l-ene in a two-liquid-phase system [40]. These authors investigated the effect of various parameters on nanoparticle stability and activity under more or less severe conditions. It was also shown that PVP/Rh colloids could be reused twice or more, without any loss of activity. 

Since no micelles can be formed below the KP, it is important that one keep this information in mind when using any anionic detergent. Therefore, the effect of various parameters on KP needs to be considered in the case of ionic surfactants. The following are some of these ... 

Selection of a suitable reverse micellar system is mainly based on the nature and charge of the protein to be extracted. The optimization of forward and back extraction processes is carried out by studying the effect of various parameters (Sect. 3) on the extraction/stripping of proteins experimentally using full or... 

Only one group has reported CD of SbiSes. The solution used was potassium an-timonyl tartrate, complexed with triethanolamine and ammonia. Selenosulphate was used as the Se source. No XRD pattern was found, as for the sulphide deposited under equivalent conditions. The bandgap was 1.88 eV, and resistivity O-cm [13,14]. Continued study of this deposition showed the effect of various parameters on deposition rate and film thickness (the latter typically reaching 1 p.m) [15]. This study also described some photoelectrochemical behavior of these films (Chap. 9). 

Our objective in this section is to study the steady-state and transient effects of various parameters, operating conditions, and modeling assumptions on the predicted behavior of the reactor. These studies will allow us to form... 

Die Orcutt model is very simple, offering analytical solutions, and thus is a useful tool for a rough estimation of the effect of various parameters on the operation of fluidized beds (Grace, 1984). However, it should be used only for qualitative comparisons, since its predictions have often been inaccurate compared to the experimental values obtained. The sources of those failures are the predicted uniform concentration of gas in the dense phase, which is not the case in experiments, and the assumption of the absence of solids in the bubble phase, which results in underestimating the conversion in the case of fast reactions. 

A detailed account of the compatibility and stability of explosives-definition, implications and effect of various parameters such as temperature of storage, chemical constitution of explosive vis-a-vis other ingredients, sunlight and electrostatic discharge etc has already been given in Chapter 1 (Section 1.4.1). In this section, the test methods used to determine compatibility and stability are discussed. 

Polyacrylic acid stabilised latices have been prepared by aqueous dispersion polymerisation. The method used is analogous to the non-aqueous dispersion (NAD) polymerisation methods originally used to prepare polymethyl methacrylate particles in aliphatic hydrocarbons (1. In effect the components of a NAD polymerisation have been replaced as follows aliphatic hydrocarbon by aqueous alcohol, and degraded rubber, the stabiliser, by polyacrylic acid (PAA). The effect of various parameters on the particle size and surface charge density of the latices is described together with details of their colloidal stability in the presence of added electrolyte. 

Considerable insight into the dynamic behavior of the system can be gained by exploring the effects of various parameters on a linearized version of the system equations. Dynamic features such as damping, speed of response, and stability are clearly revealed using a linear model. 

The results presented above illustrate the effects of various parameters on a pure batch reactor. High initial reactant concentrations, large heats of reaction, large vessels, small controller gains, and high ramp rates can lead to reaction mnaways. 

By substituting Eq. (4.18) and the plate count equation [Eq. (4.13)] into the expression for resolution, the resolution equation may be rearranged to yield an expression that better describes the effect of various parameters on resolution ... 

The importance of Maillard reaction products to the flavor of foods has received considerable attention. One group of Maillard products, the alkylpyrazines, are thought to contribute roasted, toasted and nutty flavor notes to a variety of foods. Several reviews have detailed the presence of pyrazines in a wide variety of foods (1-7). Considerable work has previously focused on mechanisms of formation and the effects of various parameters on pyrazine formation (8-17). Part one of this study reported on the effects of type of amino acid and type of sugar on the kinetics and distribution pattern of pyrazines formed (18). The current study investigates the effect of pH and water activity on the kinetics of alkylpyrazines formation. 

Beside the determination of the PEC stoichiometry, the detailed characterization of the PEC structures is the main objective in understanding the effects of various parameters on the course of complex formation and the resulting properties of the PECs. 

Several authors have studied the effect of various parameters on the quantum yield of Fe(II) production (cPpeai ) from Fe(III)-oxalate complexes in the absence of oxygen. Parker [33] and Hatchard and Parker [32] found that ferrioxalate concentration, pH, light intensity and temperature did not significantly affect Fe(ii) at 366 nm. Abrahamson et al. [44] found, however, that Fe(ii) at 366 nm was approximately halved when the pH was increased from 2.7 to 4.0 or when a large excess of oxalate was added. At other wavelengths the solution pH and the presence of excess oxalate has a large effect on < pe(ii) (Table 2). 

A closer relationship between foam stability and HLB has been reported for two- or three-phase systems surfactant solution-oil or oil-surfactant phase-water [60,109-111]. The effect of various parameters changing HLB on the stability of foams and emulsions has been studied in [111]. These were the concentration of amyl alcohol and sodium chloride, the number of the ethylene oxide groups in the molecule of the oxyethylated octylphenol. As a general parameter of HLB the authors used the surfactant affinity difference concept (SAD) which is an empirical generalised formulation. It measures the deviation from the optimum formulation for three phase behaviour. For anionic surfactants... 

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