Off-line model

In gridpoint models, transport processes such as speed and direction of wind and ocean currents, and turbulent diffusivities (see Section 4.8.1) normally have to be prescribed. Information on these physical quantities may come from observations or from other (dynamic) models, which calculate the flow patterns from basic hydrodynamic equations. Tracer transport models, in which the transport processes are prescribed in this way, are often referred to as off-line models. An on-line model, on the other hand, is one where the tracers have been incorporated directly into a d3mamic model such that the tracer concentrations and the motions are calculated simultaneously. A major advantage of an on-line model is that feedbacks of the tracer on the energy balance can be described... 

Off-Line Model Integration EU Practices, Interfaces, Possible Strategies for Harmonisation... 

Enviro-HIRLAM Status and Evaluation of Differences between On-line and Off-line Models Korsholm et al. 

The integration/coupling of the NWP HIRLAM/HARMONIE and ACTM models can be realized by different ways using the on-line and off-line modelling approaches (in more details the approaches and strategy are discussed in Baklanov 2008). 

In more details the advantages and disadvantages of the on-line and off-line modelling approaches are described in the Introduction. 

As stated above improvements in the quality of meteorological output require for off-line models especially in fair and calm weather conditions. Expected meteorological improvements in HIRLAM for ACT modelling include the following ... 

Keywords mammalian, hybridoma, off-line, modelling, optimisation. 

All the methods mentioned above use a mathematical model of the copolymerisation process in one way or another to arrive at a control policy for the production of compositionally homogeneous products. In this work use is made of a dynamic model of the process to control the feed rate of the more reactive monomer to a semi-batch reactor. Feedback from the process comes from an off-line model. The method is a general one and can be readily extended to accomodate feedback loops using on-line measurement devices with an experimental reactor. 

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