Effect of Salt

As an example of the effect that corrosion can have on connnercial industries, consider the corrosive effects of salt water on a seagoing vessel. Corrosion can drastically affect a ship s perfonnance and fiiel consumption over a period of time. As the hull of a steel boat becomes corroded and fouled by marine growths, the... 

Various inorganic chemicals remove soluble contaminants encountered during drilling. Salt, NaCl, is a common contaminant that can be removed only by dHution. The adverse effects of salt, primarily clay flocculation, can be overcome by a deflocculant such as a Hgnosulfonate or sulfomethylated... 

Fig. 7. Effects of salts on the intrinsic viscosity of poly(ethylene oxide) at 30°C. Molecular weight is 5.5 x 10 (3).

Steel is particularly bad in this regard. In ordinary circumstances, aluminium is much better as we showed in the chapters on corrosion. Although the effect of salt on aluminium is bad, heavy anodising will slow down even that form of attack to tolerable... 

FIGURE 8.8 Effect of salt on retention of amino acids. Column and flow rate Same as Fig. 8.1. Mobile phase 10 mM potassium phosphate + sodium sulfate (as noted), pH 3.0, with 50 m/VI HFIP. 

The effect of salt (KN03) concentration is small, i.e. less than a two fold rate increase by increasing the salt concentration up to 0.2 M. 

Fig. 3.1.5 Effects of salt concentration on the activity of Cypridina luciferase (solid lines) and quantum yield (dotted lines). In the activity measurement, Cypridina luciferin (1 pg/ml) was luminesced with a trace amount of luciferase in 2.5 mM HEPES buffer, pH 7.5, containing a salt to be tested, at 20°C. In the measurement of quantum yield, luciferin (1 pg/ml) was luminesced with luciferase (20 pg/ml) in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (for the NaCl data) or MES buffer (for the CaCl2 data), pH 6.7.

Fig. 6.3.6 Effects of salt concentration (left panel) and pH (right panel) on the initial light intensity emitted from the homogenate of the Symplectoteuthis oualaniensis light organ. The salt effect was tested in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.2, and the pH effect in the various buffers containing 0.5MKC1 or NaCl. From Tsuji and Leisman, 1981.

Hurkman, W.J. Tanaka, C.K. (1987). The effects of salt on the pattern of protein synthesis in barley roots. Plant Physiology, 83, 517-24. 

Tab. 2.4 Effect of salt bridge orientation and side-chain branching at C y) on 3i4-helicity in water as investigated by CD > [177]...

Salt addition to the subphase has a strong influence on monolayer formation, too. The effect of salt was studied by spreading particles la on an aqueous KCl solution of different salt concentration, with the pH of the subphase always being 5. If no salt is present at pH 5, the particles simply disappear into the subphase, as discussed earlier. However, the presence of salt causes the metal ions to penetrate the particle shell and shield the ionic groups electrostatically. Consequently, the particles become less hydrophilic and monolayer formation is improved, as indicated by the larger value of Aq. As shown in Figure 6a, a KCl concentration of 10 moles is sufficient to cause formation of a stable particle layer even at pH 5. 

Salt exerts a promoting effect (33) The effect of salt as a promoter is linked to the epidemiologic information that populations with a high incidence of gastric cancer also tend to exhibit a high incidence of hypertension (34-40) ... 

An attempt to oxidise vanillin (3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) was made using thallium trinitrate and when formic acid at SO C as a solvent was present. The extremely violent redox reaction that followed was put down to the effect of salt on acid. 

The cementing technology can be improved in wells with zones containing clays or shales that are sensitive to freshwater cement filtrate. Sodium chloride (i.e., natural salt) and potassium chloride (KCl) have been the primary materials of choice to yield a filtrate that damages these zones less. However, the unfavorable effects of salt on cement have been extensively documented, in particular. 

Gerstner, J. A. and Cramer, S. M., Cation-exchange displacement chromatography of proteins with protamine displacers effect of salt-induced gradients, Biotechnol. Prog., 8, 540, 1992. 

Figure 7 Effect of salt additive on selectivity. Buffer 50 mM DAP, the specified salt, and titrated to pH 7 with phosphoric acid 200 V/cm salt concentrations (A, B, E) 40 mM, (C and D) 80 mM. For other information, see Figure 6. (From Bullock, J. A. and Yuan, L.-C., /. Microcol. Sep., 3, 241, 1991. With permission.)...

Table 3 Effects of Salt Form on Product Properties...

X Huang, H Unno, T Akehata, O Hirasa. Effect of salt solution on swelling or shrinking behavior of poly(vinylmethylether) gel (PVMEG). J Chem Eng Jpn 21 10-14, 1988. 

Bunkin NF, Kiseleva OA, Lobeyev AV, Movchan TG, Ninham BW, Vinogradova OI (1997) Effect of salts and dissolved gas on optical cavitation near hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. Langmuir 13 3024-3028... 

Ceccio SL, Gowing S, Shen Y (1997) The effects of salt water on bubble cavitation. J Fluid Eng 119 155-163... 

Figure 12.2 The effect of salt on the equilibrium sorption of basic dyes on acrylic fibres [54,55]...

For a long time, it was considered that the formation of a bromonium ion from olefin and bromine is irreversible, i.e. the product-forming step, a cation-anion reaction, is very fast compared with the preceding ionization step. There was no means of checking this assumption since the usual methods—kinetic effects of salts with common and non-common ions—used in reversible carbocation-forming heterolysis (Raber et al., 1974) could not be applied in bromination, where the presence of bromide ions leads to a reacting species, the electrophilic tribromide ion. Unusual bromide ion effects in the bromination of tri-t-butylethylene (Dubois and Loizos, 1972) and a-acetoxycholestene (Calvet et al, 1983) have been interpreted in terms of return, but cannot be considered as conclusive. 

Sanemasa, I., Arakawa, S., Araki, M., Deguchi, T. (1984) The effects of salts on the solubility of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and propylbenzene in water. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 57, 1359-1544. 

Carliell CM, Barclay SJ, Shaw C et al (1998) The effect of salts used in textile dyeing on microbial decolourisation of areactive azo dye. Environ Technol 19 1133-1137... 

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