Effect in transport

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydration of car bon dioxide to bicarbonate. The uncatalyzed hydration of carbon dioxide is too slow to be effective in transporting carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lungs, and so animals have developed catalysts to speed this process. The activity of carbonic anhydrase is remarkable it has been estimated that one molecule of this enzyme can catalyze the hydration of 3.6 X 10 molecules of carbon dioxide per minute. 

The performance of various solvents can be explained with the help of the role of these solvents in the reaction. These solvents help in keeping teth benzene and hydrogen peroxide in one phase. This helps in the easy transport of both the reactants to the active sites of the catalyst. The acetonitrile, and acetone adsorption data on these catalysts (Fig. 6), suggests that acetonitrile has a greater affinity to the catalytic surface than acetone. There by acetonitrile is more effective in transporting the reactants to the catalyst active sites. At the same time, they also help the products in desorbing and vacating the active sites. 

Then, there are model Hamiltonians. Effectively a model Hamiltonian includes only some effects, in order to focus on those effects. It is generally simpler than the true full Coulomb Hamiltonian, but is made that way to focus on a particular aspect, be it magnetization, Coulomb interaction, diffusion, phase transitions, etc. A good example is the set of model Hamiltonians used to describe the IETS experiment and (more generally) vibronic and vibrational effects in transport junctions. Special models are also used to deal with chirality in molecular transport junctions [42, 43], as well as optical excitation, Raman excitation [44], spin dynamics, and other aspects that go well beyond the simple transport phenomena associated with these systems. 

Adiabatic compression test High pressure is applied rapidly to a liquid in a U-shaped metal tube. Bubbles of hot compressed gas are driven into the liquid and may cause explosive decomposition of the liquid. This test is intended to simulate water hammer and sloshing effects in transportation, such as humping of railway tank cars. It is very severe and gives worst-case results. 

M. Hartung, Vibrational effects in transport through molecular junctions. Master s thesis, University of Regensburg (2004)... 

The preexponential. A, is related to the movement of atoms or molecules to and from the nucleus. This expression does not account for diffusion effects in transporting atoms across the nucleus-liquid interface. To explain the observed temperature dependence of nucleation rate (Fig. 1), we include an energy barrier for diffusion, Q ... 

For both PAA and HA, the lability of rare earth element interactions is greater for the smaller molecular weight fractions of each poly electrolyte. Similar observations have been reported for Cu(II) dissociation from size fractionated HA (22). Interestingly, the smaller size fractions of HA have been shown to the most effective in transporting Am(III) and Cm(III) through sandy aquifers (25). Consequently, the influence and affect of polyelectrolyte size must be considered when predicting the mobility of these complexes in natural systems. 

Then we investigated the effect of surface roughness on the transportation. It was found that higher surface roughness is more effective in transporting the loaded gel because frictional force increases and the moment of force of the rotational motion increases. 

Under isothermal conditions, these four equations are sufficient to describe the flow of water (or air and any other gas or liquid with so-called Newtonian behavior of the viscosity). However, in most cases of industrial interest (i.e., at large scale), these equations cannot be solved using analytical techniques. The momentum balance is nonlinear in velocity, which makes analytical solution virtually always impossible. This is reflected in the properties of the flow of water it is in many cases turbulent. This means that the flow is inherently transient in time a steady state solution only exists for the time-averaged flow. The real flow shows a wide variety of structures, both in time and in space the flow field is built up of eddies of all kinds of sizes that have a finite life time. They come and disappear. These eddies make the solution very difficult. However, they are also vital to the processes we are running they make flow so effective in transport and mixing. Without them, we would have to rely on diffusion, which is a very slow process, and life on a larger scale as we know it would not have been possible. 

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