Fold change

Enzymes Colloidal gels Up to 10 -10 faster Up to 10" -10 faster Ionic environment in solution Several-fold change... 

If the concentrations (or, more accurately, the activities) of the oxidant and reductant are equal, E2i- = E°, i.e. the standard reduction potential. It follows from this expression that, for example, a ten-fold change in the ratio of the concentrations of the oxidant to the reductant will produce a change in the potential of the system of 0.0591/n volts. 

In the Nernst equation the term RT/nF involves known constants, and introducing the factor for converting natural logarithms to logarithms to base 10, the term has a value at a temperature of 25 °C of 0.0591 V when n is equal to 1. Hence, for an ion M+, a ten-fold change in ionic activity will alter the electrode potential by about 60 millivolts, whilst for an ion M2 +, a similar change in activity will alter the electrode potential by approximately 30 millivolts, and it follows that to achieve an accuracy of 1 per cent in the value determined for the ionic concentration by direct potentiometry, the electrode potential must be capable of measurement to within 0.26 mV for the ion M+, and to within 0.13 mV for the ion M2 +. ... 

The development of resistance against HCV NS3/4 protease inhibitors will become a major challenge for the clinical use of these new compounds. Clinical trials of telaprevir (VX-950) have shown that mutations at different positions are rapidly selected (Sarrazin et al. 2005). In vitro studies indicate that cells bearing repUcons with those mutations are associated with different levels of resistance to telaprevir (< 10-fold change to >40-fold change in sensitivity). However, telaprevir-resistant mutants remain susceptible to interferon-a, at least in the replicon system. Likewise, replicon mutants that are resistant to boceprevir are still sensitive to interferon-a (Tong et al. 2006). 

Tanshinone IIA MCE-7 H04 ExpressChip 0.25 xg/ml Tanshinone IIA Gene name, Unigene symbol and Unigene identifier, fold change 55... 

A-Hydroxy-4- acetylaminobiphenyl Benzo [a] pyrene diol epoxide Human TK6 lymphoblastoid Custom A-Hydroxy-4- acetylaminobiphenyl 10 xMfor27h Benzo[ajpyrene diol epoxide 10 xM for Ih Gene name, gene symbol, gene bank accession fold change in a table All data available online 116... 

Estradiol Medroxyprogesterone acetate Human microvascular endometrial endothelial cells Affymetrix U133A E2 10- M, MDA lO- Mfor 48 h Gene name, fold change 117... 

Genistein Daidzen Glycitein IVP-Estradiol MCE-7 Custom Genistein 10 xM Daidzen 10 xM Glycitein 10 xM 17P-Estradiol 10 nM Gene name. Accession number, fold change in table 118... 

A-9- tetrahydrocannabinol 4Tl-stimulated lymph node cells from mice GEArray Q series mouse THl, Th2, Th3 array membranes 50mg/kg A-9-tetrahydrocannabinol Gene name, accession number and fold change in table 120... 

Parameter Changed Amount of Change Effects Runoff (Fold Change) Cone, in EXAMS POND... 

The lamellar thickening proceeds through many metastable states, each metastable state corresponding to a particular number of folds per chain, as illustrated in Fig. 8. In the original simulations of [22], Kg was monitored. Rg is actually very close to the lamellar thickness due to the asymmetric shape of the lamella. The number of folds indicated in Fig. 8 were identified by inspection of the coordinates of the united atoms. This quantization of the number of folds has been observed in experiments [50], as already mentioned. The process by which a state with p folds changes into a state with p - 1 folds is highly cooperative. The precursor lives in a quiescent state for a substantial time and suddenly it converts into the next state. By a succession of such processes, crystals thicken. If the simulation is run for a reasonably long time, the lamella settles down to the equilibrium number of folds per chain. 

---