Ecotoxicology implication

Babu Rajendran, R., Imagawa, T., Tao, H., Ramesh, R., 2004. Distribution of PCBs, HCHs and DDTs and their ecotoxicological implications in Bay of Bengal, India. Environ. Internatl. 31, 503-512. 

Preston BL. 2001. Indirect effects in aquatic ecotoxicology implications for ecological risk assessment. Environ Managment 29 311-323. 

In addressing the ecotoxicological implications of HD dumped in the Baltic Sea, Muribi (1997) reported on the acute toxicity of HD to the invertebrate Daphnia magna in brackish water at 19.5°C. Exposure to 0.5 mg/1 HD (the highest concentration tested) for 48 h did not induce any visible effects. Additional toxicity studies with salt- and freshwater organisms, reviewed by Muribi (1997) and Munro et al. (1999), indicate that dissolved sulfur mustard is generally not acutely toxic at concentrations below 1 mg/1 (close to its water solubility value). For some algae, a concentration of 1 mg/1 may be acutely toxic (Stock, 1996). Thus, the environmental action of HD is limited by its low water solubility. 

Calow P, Sibly RM. 1990. A physiological basis of population processes ecotoxicological implications. Funct Ecol 4 283-288. 

Irving EC, Baird DJ, Culp JM. 2003. Ecotoxicological responses of the mayfly Baetis tricau-datus to dietary and waterborne cadmium implications for toxicity testing. Environ Toxicol Chem 22 1058-1064. 

Thompson H. M. (1996) Interactions between pesticides a review of reported effects and their implications for wildlife risk assessment. Ecotoxicology 5, 59 - 81. 

Bickham J W (2000) Effects of chemical contaminants on genetic diversity in natural populations Implications for biomonitoring and ecotoxicology. Mutation Research 463 33-51. 

Landis, W.G., R.A. Matthews, A.J. Markiewicz, and G.B. Matthews. 1993b. Multivariate analysis of the impacts of the turbine fuel JP-4 in a microcosm toxicity test with implications for the evaluation of ecosystem dynamics and risk assessment. Ecotoxicology 2 271-300. 

In this chapter the types of genotoxic effects are discussed and then the techniques currently available for detecting genotoxins are briefly described and evaluated. The emphasis is on screening assays for environmental samples and because the aim of ecotoxicology is to study the effect of pollutants on natural populations and not on individual animals per se, the final section discusses the ecological relevance of genotoxic effects and their possible implications for risk assessment. 

Bickham, J.W., Sandhu, S., Hebert, P.D.N., Chikhi, L. and Athwal, R. (2000) Effects of chemical contaminants on genetic diversity in natural populations implications for biomonitoring and ecotoxicology. Mutat. Res., 463, 33-51. 

The importance of lipids in bioconcentration is emphasized several times in this chapter, and various devices have been explored to take this into account. Experiments using liposomes prepared with L-a-dipalmitoyl and L-a-dio-leylphosphatidylcholine, and membranes prepared from Rhodobacter sphaeroides were therefore studied in an attempt to produce more realistic models of the lipid phase in partition experiments (Escher and Schwartzen-bach 1996). The system was evaluated using a number of phenols of varying pKa and log Kow values, and it was shown that both systems provided good models for all species of phenolic compounds. An extremely important observation that has wide implications for ecotoxicology emerged not only the neutral phenols partitioned into the liposomes but also the anionic species. 

Sunahara GI et al., Laboratory and field approaches to characterize the soil ecotoxicology of polynitro explosives, in Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment Science, Policy and Standardization—Implications for Environmental Decisions, Vol. 10 STP 1403, Greenberg BM, Hull RN, Roberts MH Jr., Gensemer RW, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, 2001, 293. 

Finally, the real implications and usefulness of data from the literature, when available, must be carefully checked, particularly if they quantify the residence time of pesticides in soil. These data are often produced for agronomic and not ecotoxicological purposes and are related to the complete disappearance of the molecule as a result of leaching, runoff, volatilization and other transport patterns, and not only reaction and transformation. Thus, they are completely useless for the description of persistence in evaluative models. 

---