Ecotoxicity, bioaccumulation

Fourteen formulations of chemical alternatives were submitted to EPA under confidentiality and they were assessed based on numerous human health and ecotoxicity endpoints in addition to bioaccumulation potential and environmental persistence. They were also screened for potential exposure to workers, users and the aquatic environment. Where data gaps existed, EPA experts used models and chemical analogs to estimate the hazard for a particular endpoint. The literature and test data reviews were published in the final report, Environmentally Preferable Options for Furniture Fire Safety Low Density Furniture Foam . In addition, each hazard endpoint was ranked with a concern level (High, Moderate or Low) based on the criteria used by the EPA s New Chemicals Program to rate the concern level of new chemicals submitted under the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA). As seen in Figure 8.2, where the hazard endpoint rankings are bold, the value is based on experimental data. Where the hazard endpoints are presented in italic font, the value is estimated based on models or chemical analogs. In this way, detailed hazard information was summarized and presented in a clear and concise format. 

Fevold BM, Meyer MW, Rasmussen PW, Temple SA. 2002. Bioaccumulation patterns and temporal trends of mercury exposure in Wisconsin common loons. Ecotox 12 83-93. 

Absorption - desorption - N-octanol/water coefficient - Henry constant - Biodegradation and/or abiotic degr. disappearance coef. - Bioaccumulation - Aquatic Ecotox Fish 24 to 96 hours Daphnia 24 to 48 hours - Air/soil/sediment Ecotox ... 

Dietrich, D.R. and Hitzfeld, B.C. (2004) Bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity of synthetic musks in the aquatic environment, in The Handbook of... 

Sijm, D. T. H. M., and J. L. M. Hermens, Internal effect concentration Link between bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity for organic chemicals . In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 2, Part J, B. Beek, Ed., Springer, Berlin, 2000, pp. 167-199. 

Other environmental impacts can be calculated similarly by using the appropriate equivalency factor. Impacts of human toxicity and ecotoxicity are, for example, determined by factors such as toxicity data (for humans, resp. various nonhuman life forms), persistence, and bioaccumulation. Equivalency factors for... 

Ellgehausen, H., Guth, J.A., Esser, H.O. (1980) Factors determining the bioaccumulation potential of pesticides in the individual compartments of aquatic food chains. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 4, 134-157. 

Wofford, H.W., C.D. Wilsey, G.S. Neff, C.S. Giam J.M. Neff (1981) Bioaccumulation and metabolism of phthalate esters by oysters, brown shrimp and sheepshead minnows. Ecotox.Environ.Safety 5 202-210, 1981... 

Garcfa-Hemandez J., Glenn E. P., Artiola J., and Baumgartner D. J. (2000) Bioaccumulation of selenium (Se) in the Cienega de Santa Clara wetland, Sonora, Mexico. Ecotox-icol. Environ. Safety 46, 298-304. 

In general, carbamates are not markedly toxic to wildlife. In higher doses, however, carbamate usage has the potential to produce ecotoxicity. When applied directly to the soil, many carbamates will cause significant reduction in microflora and worms. Bees are also especially sensitive to some carbamate pesticides. Because there is very little bioaccumulation of carbamate pesticides, the threats to wildlife are usually through direct exposure after application rather than through the food chain. Note that there have been reports of wildlife morbidity and mortality even if applications of certain carbamate pesticides were made at the recommended rate. 

Although urea has generally low ecotoxicity to organisms, its well documented indirect and long-term effects to the ecosystems, e.g. eutrophication, groundwater pollution, soil acidification and ammonia emissions to air should be considered. When released to soil, this material will hydrolyze into ammonium in a matter of days to several weeks. This material is not anticipated to bioaccumulate - it has a BCF <100. 

Internal Effect Concentration Link Between Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicity for Organic Chemkak 171... 

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