Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicity

Dietrich, D.R. and Hitzfeld, B.C. (2004) Bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity of synthetic musks in the aquatic environment, in The Handbook of... 

Sijm, D. T. H. M., and J. L. M. Hermens, Internal effect concentration Link between bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity for organic chemicals . In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 2, Part J, B. Beek, Ed., Springer, Berlin, 2000, pp. 167-199. 

Internal Effect Concentration Link Between Bioaccumulation and Ecotoxicity for Organic Chemkak 171... 

Since the mid-2000 s, several groups have addressed the problem of quantif5dng Q. For example, Eissen and Metzger [28] developed the Environmental Assessment Tool for Organic Syntheses (EATOS) software in which metrics related to health hazards and persistence and bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity were used to determine the environmental index of the input (substrates, solvents, etc.) and the output (product and waste). Similarly, Saling and coworkers at BASE [29-31] introduced eco-efficiency analyses, which took both economic and environmental aspects into account, including energy, raw materials, emissions, toxicity, hazards, and land use. 

Fourteen formulations of chemical alternatives were submitted to EPA under confidentiality and they were assessed based on numerous human health and ecotoxicity endpoints in addition to bioaccumulation potential and environmental persistence. They were also screened for potential exposure to workers, users and the aquatic environment. Where data gaps existed, EPA experts used models and chemical analogs to estimate the hazard for a particular endpoint. The literature and test data reviews were published in the final report, Environmentally Preferable Options for Furniture Fire Safety Low Density Furniture Foam . In addition, each hazard endpoint was ranked with a concern level (High, Moderate or Low) based on the criteria used by the EPA s New Chemicals Program to rate the concern level of new chemicals submitted under the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA). As seen in Figure 8.2, where the hazard endpoint rankings are bold, the value is based on experimental data. Where the hazard endpoints are presented in italic font, the value is estimated based on models or chemical analogs. In this way, detailed hazard information was summarized and presented in a clear and concise format. 

Absorption - desorption - N-octanol/water coefficient - Henry constant - Biodegradation and/or abiotic degr. disappearance coef. - Bioaccumulation - Aquatic Ecotox Fish 24 to 96 hours Daphnia 24 to 48 hours - Air/soil/sediment Ecotox ... 

Other environmental impacts can be calculated similarly by using the appropriate equivalency factor. Impacts of human toxicity and ecotoxicity are, for example, determined by factors such as toxicity data (for humans, resp. various nonhuman life forms), persistence, and bioaccumulation. Equivalency factors for... 

Wofford, H.W., C.D. Wilsey, G.S. Neff, C.S. Giam J.M. Neff (1981) Bioaccumulation and metabolism of phthalate esters by oysters, brown shrimp and sheepshead minnows. Ecotox.Environ.Safety 5 202-210, 1981... 

B = bioaccumulation P=persistence T=human toxicity and ecotoxicity vB=very bioaccumulative vP=very persistent... 

Limited Set of Hazards Approach. A third approach would be to benchmark chemicals based on a few hazards for which experimental and QSAR data are readily available. For example, persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and ecotoxicity are three hazards for which experimental and QSAR data, as well as a QSAR tool (the PBT profiler) are readily available for many chemicals. This type of... 

Ecotoxicity BBIT is essentially insoluble in water, has a low potential for bioaccumulation and is classified as not readily biodegradable. 

Fevold BM, Meyer MW, Rasmussen PW, Temple SA. 2002. Bioaccumulation patterns and temporal trends of mercury exposure in Wisconsin common loons. Ecotox 12 83-93. 

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