Ecosystem effects

Driscoll CT, Lawrence GB, Bulger AJ, Butler TJ, Cronan CS, Eagar C, Lambert KF, Likens GE, Stoddard JL, Weathers KC. 2001. Acidic deposition in the northeastern U.S. sources and inputs, ecosystems effects, and management strategies. BioScience 51 180-198. 

Eisler, R. 1994. A review of arsenic hazards to plants and animals with emphasis on fishery and wildlife resources. Pages 185-259 in J.O. Nriagu (ed.). Arsenic in the Environment. Part II. Human Health and Ecosystem Effects. John Wiley, New York. 

ASSESSMENT OF ECOSYSTEM EFFECTS IN EIA METHODOLOGICAL PROMISES AND CHALLENGES... 

The next step is impact prediction that requires detailed quantitative information about the sources of risk agents, exposure models, the receptors and possible changes in the state of these receptors caused by the defined agents. If the CLL concept was selected for assessment ecosystem effects it should firstly be utilized for impact baseline studies or assessing the do-nothing scenario. In this context CLL calculation includes the following steps (Bashkin, 2002) ... 

Under the CLL approach, ecosystem effect assessment means comparing critical loads with predicted loads of pollutants. Of importance, this may be limited to an... 

Gaffney JS, Streit GE, Spall WD, et al. 1987. Beyond acid rain - do soluble oxidants and organic toxins interact with S02 andNOXto increase ecosystem effects. Environ Sci Technol 21 519-523. 

This includes data obtained from laboratory studies of chemical reactions, plant and material damage, and animal and human toxicology from field studies of air quality and vegetation and ecosystem effects and from population exposures. In all such studies, irrespective of the method used, the measurement of oxidants is based on a standardized source of ozone. 

Yamauchi, H. and Fowler, B.A. (1994) Toxicity and metabolism of inorganic and methylated arsenicals, in Arsenic in the Environment Part II Human Health and Ecosystem Effects (ed. J.O. Nriagu), John Wiley Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 35-43. 

Elwood, J. W., Newbold, J. D., Trimble, A. F. Stark, R. W. (1981). The limiting role of phosphorus in a woodland stream ecosystem effects of P enrichment on leaf decomposition and primary producers. Ecology, 62, 146-58. 

Mutualistic species interactions contribute directly to many essential ecosystem processes, such as nutrient inputs through nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizal associations that govern phosphorus and organic nitrogen uptake by plants (Read, 1991). Other mutualisms, such as pollination and seed dispersal, have indirect effects, influencing the presence or absence of species that may have strong ecosystem effects. 

---