Economic efficiency, improvement

In the United States various studies have assessed the potential for energy efficiency improvement in industi y. One study has assessed the technologies for various sectors and found potential economic energy savings of 7 to 13 percent over the busitiess-as-usual trends (Brown et al., 1998) between 1990 and 2010. Technologies like the ones described above (see Table 2) are important in achieving these potentials. 

In conclusion, the case of Phaffia rhodozyma Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous) is very peculiar as hundreds of scientific papers and patents deal with astaxanthin production using this yeast and the process has not been economically efficient to date. New patents are filed almost each year, with improvement in astaxanthin yield, e.g., 3 g/g dry matter cited in U.S. Patent 20030049241. ... 

International emissions trading Annex-I parties may trade their emission allowances with other Annex-I parties. The aim is to improve the overall flexibility and economic efficiency of emissions cuts. 

Bioconversion platforms for lignocellulosics-to-ethanol are beginning to become commercially viable, but the effectiveness of the pretreatment stage should still be improved, the cost of the enzymatic hydrolysis stage decreased, and overall process efficiencies improved by better synergies between various process stages. There is also a need to improve process economics by creating co-products that can add revenue to the process. 

More than 45% of the world s electricity is generated from coal and it is the major fuel for generating electricity worldwide. The known coal reserves in the world are enongh for consnmption for over 215 years, while the known oil reserves are only abont 39 times the world s consumption and the known natural gas reserves are about 63 times the world s consumption level in 1998. Coal is not only plentiful, but also economical. Advanced coal-fired power generation technologies should be developed worldwide to generate at minimnm economic coal, improve thermal efficiency and meet environmental requirements. 

Specific microorganisms, yeasts, and bacteria can also convert sucrose into other alcohols, as well as organic acids, amino acids, and vitamins (Scheme 15). All these biological processes have been improved with the help of modern biotechnology, making them more chemically and economically efficient and to direct them towards new and useful chemical products. The biocracking of carbohydrates has been shown to be a way for the production of biohydrogen. 223... 

Worldwide food trade as well as customers expectations regarding foodstuffs enforce implementation of measures which improve sensory, physicochemical, functional, and health-related characteristics of food products. Food producers themselves, aware of the importance of product quality, do not neglect the question of sensory, visual, and marketing features of food products. This, along with the required economic efficiency, encourages food manufacturers to use various additives in food processing technologies, which improve the characteristics of food products demanded by shoppers. In short, food additives play an important role in today s complex food supply. 

Extensive studies in this field including genetic studies, strain improvement by mutation, medium economization and improvement of extraction and purification techniques have led to substantial improvements in process development generally yielding an efficient and economic production. 

Whereas the pre-polymerization is carried out at temperatures of from 100 to 150 °C, the main polymerization is carried out at up to 180 °C. Its only aim is to increase the conversion and, thus, improve the economic efficiency of the processes. Target conversions are above 90 %. In order to be able to dissipate the heat of reaction from the solutions of exponentially increasing viscosity in a controlled manner, a number of reactors are generally connected in series. The designs vary considerably. For example, conical reactors with helical ribbon stirrers, horizontal tank reactors with paddle stirrers, reactor cascades and tower cascades have been proposed. 

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