Earth system models

Community Earth System Models (COSMOS) is a major international project (http //cosmos.enes.org) involving different institutes in Europe, in the US and in Japan, for the development of complex Earth System Models (ESM). Such models are needed to understand large climate variations of the past and to predict future climate changes. 

COSMOS Community earth system models integrating strategy. Web-site http //cosmos.enes.org... 

The idea behind the Community Earth System MOdelS (COSMOS) is that a single research institution alone cannot develop the most comprehensive models. COSMOS is a community network towards the development of a fully developed ESM. The complexity of ESMs requires the involvement of an interdisciplinary... 

PRISM Program for integrated earth system modelling... 

Redler R, Valcke S, Ritzdorf H (2010) OAS1S4 a a coupling software for next generation earth system modelling. Geosci Model Dev 3 87-104... 

The above results make it very clear that forecasts of the future oxidation capacity of the atmosphere depend critically on the assumed emissions. The IPCC did not assign probabilities to its emission scenarios but it is apparent that some of these scenarios are highly improbable for oxidant precursor emissions. Integrated assessment models, which couple global economic and technological development models with natural Earth system models provide an alternative approach to the IPCC scenario approach with the added advantage that objective estimates of individual model uncertainties can be combined with Monte Carlo approaches to provide more objective ways of defining means and errors in... 

Prinn, R. G. and Hartley, D. (1992). Atmosphere, Ocean, and Land Critical Gaps in Earth System Models. In Modeling the Earth System (D. Ojima, Ed.). University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Office for Interdisciplinary Earth Studies. Boulder, CO. 

The case studies cited above illustrate a further result, that has been emphasized by workers such as Charles et al. (1994), Jouzel et al. (1997), Delaygue et al. (2000), and others. The and 5D of water in precipitation are produced by the integrated effect of the hydrologic cycle, not just by paleotemperature. The and 5D of water thus allow tests of the hydrologic cycles of Earth-system models that include appropriate isotopic parameterizations. 

Increases in the atmospheric concentration of long-lived greenhouse gases since the preindustrial era have led to a climate forcing of about 2.5 W m - (IPCC, 1996). The interannual variability in this trend is not well understood and involves complex interactive processes between the atmosphere, the ocean, and the continental biosphere. Coupled earth system models with a detailed representation of global biogeochemical cycles will help address these issues. 

Kohfeld, K. E. and Harrison, S. P. (2000). How well can we simulate past climates Evaluating earth system models using global paleoenviron-mental datasets. Qtiaternary Sci. Rev. 19, 321-346. 

The second step is to define model experiments that could be performed by (preferably several) earth system models. The models should include whatever components and linkages are hypothesized to be crucial to explaining the target data. (The models should also be applied without the specified components or linkages, to test their importance in the modeled world.) The target data will provide an immediate assessment of the extent to which the model experiments are successful. 

Earth system models in the limited form that they exist today... 

In conclusion, by insisting that the model results are routinely tested against the full spectrum of available palaeodata (from ice cores and other natural archives), we suggest that the study of past biogeochemical cycles can provide both a unique means to test complex earth system models and a powerful stimulus to their further development. 

This similarity among species, in rather fundamental functional properties, has no doubt led to the development and use of earth system models that have little diversity content, but rather use the... 

Lenton, T. M. (2000) Land and ocean carbon cycle feedback effects on global warming in a simple earth system model, Tellus B 52, 1159-1188. 

Le Quere, C. (2006) The unknown and the uncertain in earth system modeling. Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 87, 496... 

In 2010, the National Center for Atmospheric Research released the Community Earth System Model, which creates computer simulations of Earth s past, present, and future climates. Experiments using this model will be part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change s 2013-1014 assessments. 

A. Ridgwell, J.C. Hargreaves 2007. Regulation of atmospheric COj by deep-sea sediments in an Earth system model. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 21, GB2008. 

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