Earnings

Net present value (NPV). Since money can be invested to earn interest, money received now has a greater present value than money received at some time in the future. The net present value of a project is the sum of the present values of each individual cash flow. In this case, the present is taken to be the start of a project. 

A project is ring-fenced if, for fiscal purposes, its fiscal costs can only be offset against revenues earned within that ring fence. 

The measurements were earned out on rectangular slots in aluminium and mild steel inspected using two probes at several frequeneies. The size of the eoils are adapted to the dimensions of the slots which simulate rectangular defects. 

As for the trough states, a statistical analysis has been earned out for the calculated cone states [12]. The nearest neighbor spacings are calculated by... 

A similar integration over 0 along the (0,2it) range can be earned out for Eq. (151). Thus, let us first consider the integration over the second teiin... 

The preparation of the bromobenzodioxole or bromobenzene is going to be the same no matter which one is used and no matter which precursor the chemist wishes to make. This means that this first part needs to be done correctly. This first part of preparation that Strike is talking about is the creation of a Grignard reagent out of the bromo compound starting material [125,131-134]. Mr. Grignard earned a Nobel prize for this in 1912 so you can bet that it s a pretty good procedure. 

Active methylene or methine compounds, to which two EWGs such as carbonyl, alko.xycarbonyl, formyl, cyano, nitro, and sulfonyl groups are attached, react with butadiene smoothly and their acidic hydrogens are displaced with the 2,7-octadienyl group to give mono- and disubstituted compounds[59]. 3-Substituted 1,7-octadienes are obtained as minor products. The reaction is earned out with a /3-keto ester, /9-diketone, malonate, Q-formyl ketones, a-cyano and Q-nitro esters, cya noacetamide, and phenylsulfonylacetate. Di(octadienyl)malonate (61) obtained by this reaction is converted into an... 

Linus Pauling (1901-1994) was born in Portland Ore gon and was educated at Oregon State University and at the California Institute of Technology where he earned a Ph D in chemistry in 1925 In addition to re search in bonding theory Pauling studied the structure of proteins and was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for that work in 1954 Paul ing won a second Nobel Prize (the Peace Prize) in 1962 for his efforts to limit the testing of nuclear weapons He was one of only four scientists to have won two Nobel Prizes The first double winner was a woman Can you name her" ... 

A commonly used peroxy acid is peroxyacetic acid (CH3CO2OH) Peroxyacetic acid is normally used m acetic acid as the solvent but epoxidation reactions tolerate a variety of solvents and are often earned out m dichloromethane or chloroform... 

When the reaction was earned out m aqueous methanol as the solvent hexyl bromide was converted to hexyl cyanide m 71% yield by heating with sodium cyanide Although this IS a perfectly acceptable synthetic reaction a peiiod of ovei 20 hours was lequued Changing the solvent to dimethyl sulfoxide brought about an increase m the reaction rate... 

A particular kind of conjugate addition reaction earned the Nobel Prize in chemistry for Otto Diels and Kurt Alder of the University of Kiel (Germany) m 1950 The Diels-Alder reaction is the conjugate addition of an alkene to a diene Using 1 3 buta diene as a typical diene the Diels-Alder reaction may be represented by the general equation... 

Most of the synthetic work directed toward the higher annulenes was earned out by Franz Sondheimer and his students first at Israel s Weizmann Institute and later at the University of London Sondheimer s research systematically explored the chemistry of these hydrocarbons and provided experimental venfication of Huckel s rule... 

Neither Friedel-Crafts acylation nor alkylation reactions can be earned out on mtroben zene The presence of a strongly deactivating substituent such as a nitro group on an aromatic ring so depresses its reactivity that Friedel-Crafts reactions do not take place Nitrobenzene is so unreactive that it is sometimes used as a solvent m Friedel-Crafts reactions The practical limit for Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions is effectively a monohalobenzene An aromatic ring more deactivated than a mono halobenzene cannot be alkylated or acylated under Friedel-Crafts conditions... 

The electrostatic po tential map of pyri 5 dine on/.earn/ng Sy Modeling clearly shows its decreased tt electron density... 

Each of the following reactions has been earned out under conditions such that disubstitu tion or tnsubstitution occurred Identify the principal organic product in each case... 

The following conversion has been reported in the chemical literature It was earned out in two steps the first of which involved formation of a p toluenesulfonate ester Indicate the reagents for this step and show how you could convert the p toluenesulfonate to the desired product... 

R B Woodward was one of the leading organic chemists of the middle part of the twenti eth century Known pnmanly for his achievements in the synthesis of complex natural products he was awarded the Nobel Pnze in chemistry in 1965 He entered Massachusetts Institute of Tech nology as a 16 year old freshman in 1933 and four years later was awarded the Ph D While a student there he earned out a synthesis of estrone a female sex hormone The early stages of Woodward s estrone synthesis required the conversion of m methoxybenzaldehyde to m methoxy benzyl cyanide which was accomplished in three steps... 

The cleavage of ethers is normally earned out under conditions (excess hydrogen halide heat) that convert the alcohol formed as one of the original products to an alkyl halide Thus the reaction typically leads to two alkyl halide molecules... 

Once the cyano group has been introduced the nitrile is subjected to hydrolysis Usually this is earned out m aqueous acid at reflux... 

In one of the earliest kinetic studies of an organic reaction earned out m the nine teenth century the rate of hydrolysis of ethyl acetate m aqueous sodium hydroxide was found to be first order m ester and first order m base... 

The preparation of cis 4 tert butylcyclohexanol from its trans stereoisomer was earned out by the following sequence of steps Write structural formulas including stereochemistry for com pounds A and B... 

It IS necessary to keep the acidity of phenols in mind when we discuss prepara tion and reactions Reactions that produce phenols when earned out in basic solution require an acidification step to convert the phenoxide ion to the neutral form of the phenol... 

The reaction is earned out by mixing the peptide and 1 fluoro 2 4 dmitrobenzene in the presence of a weak base such as sodium carbonate In the first step the base abstracts a proton from the terminal H3N group to give a free ammo function The nucleophilic ammo group attacks 1 fluoro 2 4 dmitrobenzene displacing fluoride... 

The genetic code (Table 28 3) is the message earned by mRNA It is made up of triplets of adjacent nucleotide bases called codons Because mRNA has only four dif ferent bases and 20 ammo acids must be coded for codes using either one or two nucleotides per ammo acid are inadequate If nucleotides are read m sets of three how ever the four mRNA bases generate 64 possible words more than sufficent to code for 20 ammo acids... 

Certain laboratories can, after a contract has been awarded, register under the Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) of the EPA. To earn a contract, one or more specifically prepared samples must be analyzed under very similar conditions to those used in standard protocols. Only if the data are deemed satisfactory will a contract be awarded. Further evaluation samples must be analyzed at three-month intervals afterward to ensure that performance is being maintained. 

Some exceptionally gifted researchers have made contributions to the topics we discuss here, and their impact on these and other areas of inquiry have earned them special recognition. Specifically, we note that Einstein,. Svedberg, Staudinger, and Flory have all been awarded the Nobel Prize, and Stokes and Poiseuille have been honored by having units named after them. These are but a few of the superstars whose work we encounter in this chapter. 

Although this first route was simple in concept, it proved slow in operation, difficult to scale up safely, and relatively uneconomical compared with the other routes. Denitration of the fibers, necessary to allow safe use wherever the fabrics may risk ignition, spoiled their strength and appearance. Nevertheless, Chardoimet earned and truly deserved his reputation as the Eather of Rayon. His process was operated commercially until 1949 when the last factory, bought from the Tubize Co. in the United States in 1934 by a Bra2iUan company, burned down. 

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