Early Work Prior to

The first example of the formation of an aryl C-N bond via a Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of an aryl hahde was reported in 1983 by Migita and coworkers [22,23]. During the course of their studies on the reactivity of organotin compotmds, 

Although the new tin-free conditions represented a major advance, the scope of the A-arylation reactimis was still quite limited with the original Pd/P(o-tol)3 catalyst system. Over the next several years, a series of experiments illustrated that the nature of the phosphine ligand played a key role in reactivity and selectivity. Thus, a number of ligands were subsequently employed that allowed for efficient coupling of a broad 

Josiphos Ligands Buchwaid Ligands (Additionai New Ligands of this type 

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Broeklehurst [37] has written an exhaustive review of the early work (prior to 1977) on fracture in polyerystalline graphite. Mueh of this work foeused on the fraeture behavior of nuclear graphites. In most investigations eonsidered, conventional fracture meehanies tests and analysis were performed for maeroseopie craeks. LEFM provided an adequate eriterion for failure. Additionally, results on work of fraeture, strain energy release rate, and fatigue eraek propagation were reported. 

Of the reactions of nitric oxide with the halogens, the one with chlorine has been most extensively studied. Apparently, this reaction was first reported by Gay Lussac shortly before the Battle of Waterloo. Although almost all the early work (prior to 1938) was interpreted in terms of a termolecular reaction to form nitrosyl chloride... 

General Considerations. Much experimental information is available concerning the role of molybdenum in xanthine oxidase (19, 20). In early work (prior to 1970), there was much confusion in the literature because of the presence of various inactive forms of the enzyme. It is now known that both demolybdo and desulfo forms of xanthine oxidase were present in most early preparations and remain present in many current preparations as well (20, 64). 

Other demands on the predictions than we so far have seen for solvents or salts. There is also another pronounced difference to the previous sections many types of additives have as such not been addressed by computational techniques (at least not in the open literature) for at all the same time-period, here rather less than 10 years than the over 20 years mentioned earlier. (We do here consider VC rather as a solvent than an additive). One should remember that this is in the open literature, there was most likely modelling activities at, e.g Sony earlier, supporting their early work prior to 2000 c.f. Adachi et al. [84], Anyhow, the need for a description of the time-evolution of computational techniques employed and the diversification in strategies, methods, and models, in the studies reported, is reduced. Therefore, we here rather present a few thorough case studies which we discuss in detail to show on the possibilities today of making predictive calculations useful for further additives development. 

At some early time, prior to 1000 A.D., an observant scientist recognized the unique properties of a blend of potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal and black powder was developed as the first "modern" high-energy composition. A formula quite similar to the one used today was reported by Marcus Graecus ("Mark the Greek") in an 8th century work "Book of Fires for Burning the Enemy"... 

In this review, primarily the developments in thallium coordination chemistry since the early 1980s will be surveyed. CCC (1987) is an excellent reference source for work prior to that time. In general, organometallic compounds are outside the scope of this article. There are several useful review and reference articles that describe thallium chemistry, including organothallium work. " " " Thallium is an important element in the field of high-temperature superconducting materials." ... 

The results of the early work led to a second phase directed toward NO2 absorption by aqueous solutions, notably sulfites. This effort presumed the prior oxidation of NO to NO2 by a suitable technique such as ozone addition or catalysis. In these latter scrubbing studies, SO2 was usually present in the flue gas and was found to be beneficial for NO2 absorption. The results from the second phase are quite promising and indicate the technical possibility of simultaneous NO2/SO2 scrubbing. 

The phrase invention of chemistry as a discipline is on 153. As Frederic L. Holmes noted, a work prior to Hannaway s had identified the emergence in the early eighteenth century of a science of chemistry. .. from the matrix of natural philosophy, medicine, alchemy, and technology. This was Robert P. Multhauf s The Origins of Chemistry (New York Franklin Watts, 1966), 349. See Frederic L. Holmes, Concepts, Operations, and the Problem of Modernity5 in Early Modern Chemistry, Fundamental Concepts of Early Modern Chemistry in the Context of the Operational and Experimental Practice (Berlin Max Planck Institute, 1995 [Preprint 25]), 50. 

In the early stages of the war, cordite production was increased by extensions to existing factories. Plant was also used more effectively with the introduction of shift working. Prior to the declaration of war the largest private explosives producer,... 

A number of important reviews of the biflavonoids have been prepared, and works by Baker and Ollis (13) published in 1961, Locksley (232) in 1973, and Geiger and Quinn in 1975 (125) and 1982 (126) are recommended reading for those undertaking study of these compounds. The review by Baker and Ollis (13) provides a particularly interesting account of the difficulties encountered in the elucidation of the structures of these compounds in the early years prior to modern spectroscopic methods. Excellent summaries of isolation procedures for the flavonoids are provided by Markham (237, 238) and Hostettmann and Hostett-mann (163). Readers are referred to these, the review of biflavonoids by Geiger and Quinn (126), and references cited herein for details. Compilations of chro-... 

The subjeet of fluidization and researeh and development in this field, probably reaehed its peak in the early 1980 s with extensive work being applied by the petroleum industry in synthetie fuels development sueh as shale oil, eoal gasifieation, pyrolysis applications. Prior to this, significant development work was done in the petroleum industry for flexieraeking and flexieoking operations. Fluidization still remains an area of aetive researeh and industry development, and the teehnology is well established in a variety of industry seetors. 

Butts and Crowell,58 in an attempt to replicate the early work of Costill, recruited 28 untrained subjects (15 males) to participate in a cycle ergometer test. Subjects were administered 300-mg caffeine 1 h prior to testing. No significant effects were detected in time to exhaustion but a wide variation in subject response to caffeine was observed by the researchers. 

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