E-glass yams

China, diversified group of companies, active in glass fiber products, plastics, and chemicals. E-glass yams and rovings for composite reinforcement applications India, E-glass-chopped strand, chopped strand mat... 

Thus, the research work of Trifigny (2013) has consisted of observing the kinematics of the weaving process by checking aU the contacts and dynamic loads applied on yams. Based on these observations, the design of electrically sensitive and mechanically resistant sensor yams has been achieved, tested and calibrated. Then, dynamic measurements on the different loom locations have been conducted to detect the local distribution of elongation on different warp yams, especially applied on two different tow counts of continuous E-glass yams inserted into 3D warp interlock fabrics. 

Videos have been made using a high-speed camera, Photron APX, with a maximum resolution of 1024 x 1024 pixels at 2000 pictures/s (Fig. 17.3), positioned at different locations of the industrial weaving loom with a speed production of 100 picks/min and a fabric width of 140 cm for the production of the 3D warp interlock fabrics with E-glass yams. 

Figure 17.7 Final combination of chemical components for the conductive coating on E-glass yams.

Thanks to this improved chemical formulation of the conductive coating to apply on yam, different measurements have been performed on the different parts of the weaving loom in dynamic mode. Two types of E-glass yams have been tested (300 and 900 Tex) as well as two types of 3D woven architectures. 

Two E-glass yams with counts of 300 and 900 Tex have been used as core yam for the sensor yarn and tested with the same coaling formulation. The dimensions and mechanical properties of these two E-glass yams are slightly different as detailed in Table 17.2. 

During this sequence of motion pictures (Table 17.7), all the binding warp yams have alternatively changed their positions with respect to architecture 1 (Table 17.3). This change of position is considered as the highest contact friction area between warp yams, which causes fibre degradation of E-glass yams as observed in picture 6 of Table 17.7. 

Reinforced polymers make use of many different glass fabrics. E glass is used in most and filament laminates of D, G, H, and K are common. Strands of glass filaments are plied into yams and woven into fabrics on looms. The machine direction of the loom is called the warp whereas the cross section is the welt (also called "woof" or "fill"). The number of yarns can be varied in both warp and welt to control the weight, thickness, appearance, and strength of fabric. 

Figure 15. Strength retention of commercial silica yams at elevated temperatures. Sil and QSA fibers are derived from the liquid phase. Silfa Is a pure silica yam made from a viscous waterglass solution. Q A is an ultrapure silica fiber made from a high viscosity melt. Asahl, Nextel and Refrasil are derived from solid phase precursor fibers. Asahi is an ultrapure silica fiber, Nextel is an alumlnate fiber, and both are derived from a sol-gel precursor fiber. Refrasil is a high silica fiber It is derived from borosllicate E-glass by add leaching. Redrawn from product information supplied by Ametek Corporation in Wilmington, DE...

Glass fabrics Many different fabrics are made for reinforced plastics, with E glass being the most common. Filament laminates using glass types of D, G, H, and K are also common with the filaments combined into strands, and the strands plied into yams. These yarns can be woven into fabrics on looms. 

Considering the three selected weave diagrams. E-glass and polypropylene commingled yams of 360 Tex linear density have been used as shown in Table 10.1. The initial thickness of these three selected architectures, as mentioned in Table 10.1, corresponds to the measurement done on the flat fabric out of the loom. 

According to the automotive manufacturer requirements to use a commercial existing reference of thread, a new commingled yam has been selected to perform this optimization. Thus, 3D layer-to-layer warp interlock fabrics have been made with 1100 Tex Twintex yams (commingled E-glass and polypropylene yam). 

The research work conducted by Trifigny (Trifigny, 2013) has led to define the coating formulation (Fig. 17.7) adapted to continuous multifilament yam as the E-glass thread with the following different chemical components ... 

Yam designation A term used to indicate the number of original singles (strands) twisted and the number of these units plied to form a yarn or cord. The first letter indicates glass composition, the second letter represents whether it is continuous or staple fiber, and the third letter indicates the diameter range of the individual fiber. As an example CD identifies type E glass with continuous fiber (C) of 0.00023 in. average fiber diameter (D). 

In this chapter, we define some important terms and parameters that are commonly used with fibers and fiber products such as yams, fabrics, etc., and then describe some general features of fibers and their products. These definitions, parameters, and features serve to characterize a variety of fibers and products made from them, excluding items such as fiber reinforced composites. These definitions and features are generally independent of fiber type, i.e. polymeric, metallic, glass or ceramic fibers. They depend on the geometry rather than any material characteristics. 

Benicewicz, B. C., Shalaby S. W., Clemow, A. J. and Oser, Z., In vitro and in vivo degradation of poly(Z-lactide) braided multifilament yams, in Agriculture and Synthetic Polymers, Glass, J. E. and Swift, G., Eds., American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1990, chap. 14. 

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