Dynamic and equilibrium

Luo K, Shi Z, Varesi J, Majumdar A (1997) Sensor nanofabrication, performance, and conduction mechanisms in scanning thermal microscopy. J Vac Sci Technol B 15 349-360 Majumdar A (1999) Scanning thermal microscopy. Annu Rev Mater Sci 29 505-585 Manghk RM, Wasekar VM, Zhang J (2001) Dynamic and equilibrium surface tension of aqueous surfactant and polymeric solutions. Exp Thermal Fluid Sd 25 55-64... 

Lewis, FD, Wasielewski MR (2004) Dynamics and Equilibrium for Single Step Hole Transport Processes in Duplex DNA. 236 45-65... 

Benjamin, I. Pohorille, A., Isomerization reaction dynamics and equilibrium at the liquid-vapor interface of water. A molecular dynamics study, J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 236-242... 

The Relation Between Dynamic and Equilibrium Moduli, with Consideration of Entanglements... 

Khan-Lodhi, A. Robinson, B. H. Towey, T. Herrmann, C. Knoche, W. Thesing, U. In The Structure, Dynamics and Equilibrium Properties of Colloidal Systems Bloor, D. M. Wyn-Jones, E., Eds. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990 p 373. 

Ai-Stearoylamino acids and their methyl esters were synthesized from enantiomeric and racemic forms of tyrosine, serine, alanine, and tryptophan (Fig. 16). Analogs of these molecules were investigated initially over 30 years ago by Zeelen and Havinga, who found stereochemical differentiation in the monolayer HjA isotherms of these materials (Zeelen, 1956 Zeelen and Havinga, 1958). We have extended this study using more sensitive Langmuir balances, a wider array of dynamic and equilibrium techniques, and the A-stearoyl methyl esters of the amino acids (Harvey et al., 1989 Harvey and Arnett, 1989). 

All of the experiments in pure and mixed SSME systems, as well as in the Af-stearoyltyrosine systems, have one common feature, which seems characteristic of chiral molecular recognition in enantiomeric systems and their mixtures enantiomeric discrimination as reflected by monolayer dynamic and equilibrium properties has only been detected when either the racemic or enantiomeric systems have reverted to a tightly packed, presumably quasi-crystalline surface state. Thus far it has not been possible to detect clear enantiomeric discrimination in any fluid or gaseous monolayer state. 

Khan-Lodhi A, Robinson BH, Towey T, Hermann C, Knoche W, Thesing U (1990) in The structure, dynamics and equilibrium properties of colloidal systems, Bloor DM, Wyn-Jones E (eds), Kluwer Academic, London, p 373... 

A Khan-Lodhi, BH Robinson, T Towey, C Hermann, W Knoche, U Thesing. In DM Bloor, E Wyn-Jones, eds.. The Structure, Dynamics and Equilibrium Properties of Colloidal Systems. Dordrecht Kluwer, 1990, pp 373-383. 

Dynamics and Equilibrium for Single Step Hole Transport Processes in Duplex DNA... 

Emulsions and foams are two other areas in which dynamic and equilibrium film properties play a considerable role. Emulsions are colloidal dispersions in which two immiscible liquids constitute the dispersed and continuous phases. Water is almost always one of the liquids, and amphipathic molecules are usually present as emulsifying agents, components that impart some degree of durability to the preparation. Although we have focused attention on the air-water surface in this chapter, amphipathic molecules behave similarly at oil-water interfaces as well. By their adsorption, such molecules lower the interfacial tension and increase the interfacial viscosity. Emulsifying agents may also be ionic compounds, in which case they impart a charge to the surface, which in turn establishes an ion atmosphere of counterions in the adjacent aqueous phase. These concepts affect the formation and stability of emulsions in various ways ... 

The search for relationships among the dynamic and equilibrium properties of related series of compounds has been a paradigm of chemists for many years. The discovery of such unifying principles and predictive relationships has practical benefits. Numerous relationships exist among the structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, and/or biological qualities of classes of related compounds. Perhaps the best-known attribute relationships are the correlations between reaction rate constants and equilibrium constants for related reactions commonly known as linear tree-energy relationships (LFERs). The LFER concept led to the broader concepts of QSARs, which seek to predict the environmental fate of related compounds based on correlations between their bioactivity or physicochemical properties and structural features. For example, therapeutic response, environmental fate, and toxicity of organic compounds have been correlated with... 

We present a brief summary of the original experimental approaches that allowed advances in the characterization and understanding of dynamic and equilibrium behavior on block copolymers under confinement. 

Vervoort, L., Van den Mooter, G., Augustijns, P., and Kinget, R., Inulin hydrogels. I. Dynamic and equilibrium swelling properties, Int. J. Pharm., 172, 127-135, 1998b. 

Molecular Dynamics and Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics 307 -JgiT) = [42]... 

From the earlier section on Molecular Dynamics and Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics, we hope that we have made clear that a conserved quantity is the starting point for phase space analysis and the derivation of a probability distribution function. Following the same analysis that led to the distribution functions for NVE, NVT, and NPT dynamics, the new distribution /(q, p,, I) for GSLLOD coupled to a Nose-Hoover thermostat is given by... 

In the absence of shearing periodic boundary conditions (of the type introduced earlier) the system is totally isolated that is, all the degrees of freedom of the system are explicitly accounted for in the equations of motion. In this case, it is possible to obtain a conserved quantity for field-driven dynamics in general and SLLOD in particular. The approach we employ is similar to that introduced in the section on Molecular Dynamics and Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics. The SLLOD equations of motion are... 

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