Rural environments

Total airborne particulates are determined using a high-volume air sampler equipped with either cellulose fiber or glass fiber filters. Samples taken from urban environments require approximately 1 h of sampling time, but samples from rural environments require substantially longer times. 

Existence of the PSS was predicted theoretically by Leighton (61), and experimental studies of this relationship date back almost 20 years. These experiments have been accomplished in smog chambers (62), polluted urban air (63,64,65), rural environments (66), and in the free troposphere (67). The goal of these experiments has been to verify that our understanding of NOjj chemistry is fundamentally correct, and to ver the role of H02 and R02 in ozone formation. Studies in polluted air seem to confirm the dominance... 

R02./R02 Recombinations. Another area of uncertainty is the peroxyl radical recombination reactions described above, which become especially significant when the NO concentration is low. This can occur late in the photooxidation of polluted air undergoing transport, as in some rural environments (60,85) and in clean air. Although reactions of H02 with itself (R33) are reasonably well understood (their rate depends upon total pressure and upon water vapor concentration), reactions of H02 with R02 species and the R02 self reaction are much less well quantified. Since these serve as important radical sink processes under low NO. conditions, their accurate portrayal is important for accurate prediction of HO, concentrations. 

Dethier, B. E., and D. W. Lecher. Atmosperic pollution by oxidants and its effect on vegetation in a rural environment. Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 30 863-868. 1968. 

M22. McGregor, I. A., and Rowe, D. S., Immunoglobulin concentrations in the blood of young African Gambian children. Colloquium on the living conditions of the child in rural environment in Africa. Int. Child, Cent, Paris, Inst, Pediat, Socials, Dakar, 1967. 

Sillman, S., The Relation between Ozone, NO, and Hydrocarbons in Urban and Polluted Rural Environments, Atmos. Environ., 33, 1821-1845 (1999). 

Atmospheric corrosion of lead involves exposure to industrial, rural and marine environments. The mode of corrosion in the three environments is different. The rural environment consists of humidity, airflow and rainfall, which may be considered to be innocuous. The marine environment consists of chloride entrained in air and could... 

At the plant boundary, concentrations of benzene—a chemical of concern due to the risk it poses to human and ecological health—were similar to those measured in rural environments at a residence near the refinery, benzene concentrations were similar to those measured in remote environments. 

Table I compares calculated concentrations of benzene, toluene, and ethylbenzene at several locations near the refinery with reported values for typical urban, rural, and remote settings from past EPA studies (Shah and Heyerdahl, 1988). For benzene, refinery impacts at the fenceline were similar to those observed in a rural environment. At the nearby residence, benzene concentrations were similar to those observed in a remote pristine setting. Ethylbenzene impacts were similar to benzene. Toluene impacts were somewhat higher, falling between typical rural and urban air quality. No comparable data were available for xylene. Automobiles and an adjacent power plant contribute some of these chemicals to the air. Biogenic (natural) sources also contribute. In the entire middle Atlantic region, natural sources provide about 40% of airborne hydrocarbons, with a higher percentage in more rural areas like Yorktown (Placet and Streets, 1989).

During the decade prior to 2003 there was a major expansion in the range of ambient measurements of species related to smog formation, especially in polluted rural environments. These measurements included primary NO and VOCs, a range of long-lived secondary reaction products and, in latter years, direct measurement of the OH... 

Sillman S. (1999) The relation between ozone, NO, and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments. Millennial review series. Armoi. Environ. 33, 1821-1845. 

As recently summarized [9], the affected territory has a shape of a rhomboid. Its longer diameter spreads over 500 km (from the Vratza municipality in Bulgaria to villages west of Slavonski Brod in Croatia), while its transversal diameter has about 300 km (from endemic foci in eastern Romania to Vitina municipality in Kosovo). The disease affects individuals who live (or used to live) in rural environment. There are spared households even in the most affected areas, leading... 

Zev (Ze ev) Hassid was born in Jaffa, Palestine, probably on October 1st, 1899, although he seemed uncertain about the date of his birth and sometimes gave the year as 1897 or 1901. The name William was added after he came to the United States. His parents, Mor-decai and Esperanza Hassid (Chassid) were born in Poland, but were Russian citizens at the time of his birth. His father was a lumber merchant who took lumber from Russia to Palestine. When Zev was 4 years old, the family moved from Palestine to a farm in the vicinity of Kremenetz in the Russian Ukraine, and his childhood was spent in this rural environment. He often wandered in the adjacent woods and fields, hunted for birds nests, and associated with shepherds, so much so that his father scolded him and said that if he did not spend more time on his studies he would qualify for nothing more than a herdsman. 

Janicki K, Dobrowolski J, Drasnicki K. 1987. Correlation between contamination of the rural environment with mercury and occurrence of leukemia in men and cattle. Chemosphere 16 253-257. 

Morever, recent U.S. experience with the steady-flow, vertical packed bed, partial oxidation pyrolysis process C, ) has demonstrated that this technology, updated from its earlier froms is a viable means for conversion of forestry and agricultural wastes into synthetic fuels. In addition, the basic simplicity of the process makes it suitable for applications in rural environments because of its few moving parts, low maintenance requirements, and general ruggedness. But the steady-flow, vertical, packed bed,... 

The first network to collect precipitation samples for subsequent chemical analyses all over the United States of America was organized by Junge and Werby (1958). More recently researchers at the National Center for Atmospheric Research4 have published a compilation of data obtained between 1960 and 1966 by means of a network consisting of 33 stations (Lodge et a/., 1968). At the stations, situated mostly in locally non-polluted rural environments, automatic rain gauges were used. 

Environmental factors that may play a role in the aetiology of Parkinson s disease include living in a rural environment using well water exposure to pesticides a diet... 

Kambourova, V., 2004. Impact of Obsolete Pesticides on Rural Environment. Journal of Balkan Ecology, vol. 7, No 4 422 127. 

Our cytogenetic endpoint of chromosomal damage shows a clear relationship between both urban or rural environments, and with the workplace location, where other outdoor factors might be excluded. Persons of the same profession, eg, officers from Budapest city-located offlce buildings and Budapest industrial worksite buildings show a 4-fold difference in the rate of aberrant cells. 

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