During manufacture ceramics

Many of the characteristic properties of ceramics arise during manufacturing. Ceramic bodies are made by high-temperature firing (heating) routes that induce chemical reactions to take place, during which the final material is produced. 

A typical storage water heater consists of a steel tank that is lined with ceramic coating fused to the inside of the tank at high temperature during manufacturing. 

Note The term ceramic generally applies to any class of inorganic, non-metallic product subjected to high temperature during manufacture or use. 

Tramp Iron. Accidental metallic contamination during manufacture. Transducer. A device for the direct transformation of electrical energy into mechanical energy, piezoelectric (q.v.) ceramics are used for this purpose. Transfer. See decal. 

Metal interconnect-supported. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (66), Argonne National Laboratory, and Ceres (67) have pioneered metal-supported cells to minimize mass transfer resistance and the use of (expensive) ceramic materials. In such cells, the electrodes are typically 50 im thick and the electrolyte around 5 tol5 im. While the benefits are obvious, the challenges are to find a materials combination and manufacturing process that avoids corrosion and deformation of the metal and interfacial reactions during manufacturing as well as operation. 

Laminates contain different reinforcement materials (woven/non-woven glass/organic fibers, expanded PTFE, etc.), resin types (phenolic, epoxy, cyanate ester, polyimide, BT, etc.), resin formulations (blended, functionality, etc.), hardeners (dicyanodiamide [dicy],phenol-novolak, cresol-novolak, p-aminophenol, isocyanurate, etc.), and sometimes fUler particles (ceramic or organic). The ratio of aU of these individual components can vary widely.To define a test strategy for laminates, it is important to understand the different main components of the materials as well as the conditions during manufacturing, as these wiU have a large influence on their properties and quality. 

In addition to these characteristics, and in order for components to maintain stable characteristics in their environment of use and for mounted components to retain reliable interconnections, it is important for the ceramics to have low thermal expansion (in particular, they should have a thermal expansion coefficient close to that of the sihcon material of the mounted components). Additionally, they must have sufficient strength to withstand the stresses of product assembly during manufacture, as well as while in use. Furthermore, to efficiently release the heat generated by the LSI components mounted on it, ceramic material with high thermal conductivity is desirable. 

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