Drugs methamphetamine

Figure 1.2 The two mirror equivalent forms of the drug methamphetamine. On the right is shown the (S)-form of the molecule on the left is the (R)-enantiomer.

In the past, methamphetamine use and abuse in the United States was most prevalent in individuals who needed to remain awake and alert due to the nature of their occupations— long-haul truckers, for example—and in some fringe members of society. Today, however, it is predominantly used by white males in their 20s and 30s and is becoming more popular with teenagers at dance clubs and raves. For these reasons, methamphetamine can be considered a club drug. Methamphetamine use is also increasing among homeless people, prostitutes, and runaway youths. 

See also Amphetamines Ecstasy Ephedra Herbal drugs Methamphetamines... 

See also Amphetamines Antidepressants Barbiturates Caffeine Herbal drugs Methamphetamine... 

Penalties for possession of Schedule I and II drugs (methamphetamine, heroin, cocaine, PCP, LSD, and marijuana among others) are far more severe than are the penalties for possession of Schedule III drugs, but they should not be dismissed entirely. Federal sentencing guidelines for possession of ketamine, regardless of the quantity, stipulate prison terms of not more than five years and individual fines of not more than 250,000. Second time offenders will almost certainly earn jail time, with a sentence determined by the judge but not to exceed 10 years. The fine is also doubled, to 500,000. 

Ishiyama, 1., Nagai, T., and Toshida, S., Detection of basic drugs (methamphetamine, antidepressants, and nicotine) from human hair, /. Forensic Sci., 28, 380,1983. 

Because the pseudoephedrine (Problem 2.18) in Sudafed can be readily converted to the illegal, addictive drug methamphetamine, products that contain pseudoephedrine are now stocked behind the pharmacy counter so their sale can be more closely monitored. Sudafed PE is a related product that contains a decongestant less easily converted to... 

Methamphetannne is a notorious street drug One synthesis involves reductive amination of benzyl methyl ketone with methylamine What is the structure of methamphetamine ... 

H.17 The psychoactive drug sold as methampheramine ( speed ), CI0H,N, undergoes a series of reactions in the body the net result of these reactions is the oxidation of solid methamphetamine by oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide gas, liquid water, and nitrogen gas. Write the balanced equation for this net reaction. 

Srisurapanont M, Jarusuraisin N, Kittirattanapaiboon P Treatment for amphetamine dependence and abuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4 CD003022, 2001 Srisurapanont M, Ali R, Marsden J, et al Psychotic symptoms in methamphetamine psychotic in-patients. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 6 347-352, 2003 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Overview of Findings From the 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (DHHS Publ No SMA 03-3774). Rockville, MD, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2003... 

Ricaurte GA, McCann UD, Szabo Z, et al Toxicodynamics and long-term toxicity of the recreational drug 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy ). Toxicol Lett 112-113 143-146, 2000 Robinson TN, Killen JD, Taylor CB, et al Perspectives on adolescent substance use a defined population study. JAMA 258 2072-2076, 1987 Rubinstein JS Abuse of antiparkinson drugs feigning of extrapyramidal symptoms to obtain trihexyphenidyl. JAMA 239 2365, 1978 Rumack BH (ed) LSD, in Poisindex, Vol 54. Denver, CO, Micromedex, 1987 Rusyniak DE, Banks ML, Mills EM, et al Dantrolene use in 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine ( ecstasy )-medicated hyperthermia (letter). Anesthesiology 10 263, 2004... 

Tolerance is characterized by reduced responsiveness to the initial effects of a drug after repeated exposure or reduced responsiveness to a related compound (i.e., cross-tolerance). Animal studies have not provided conclusive evidence of tolerance to the effects of the centrally active compounds in toluene or trichloroethane (Moser and Balster 1981 Moser et al. 1985). Observations in humans, on the other hand, have documented pronounced tolerance among subjects who chronically inhale substances with high concentrations of toluene (Glaser and Massengale 1962 Press and Done 1967) and butane (Evans and Raistrick 1987). Kono et al. (2001) showed that tolerance to the reinforcing effects of solvents is comparable to that conditioned by nicotine but less intense than that reported with alcohol or methamphetamine use. 

Methamphetamine and Related Drugs Toxicity and Resuiting Behaviorai Changes in Response to Pharmacoiogicai Probes... 

In view of this neurotoxicity, we will review some data relevant to this process. First, we will review data showing that methamphetamine (METH), a prototypic psychomotor stimulant, which has been widely used for nonmedical purposes at doses often a good deal higher than therapeutie doses, is neurotoxic to dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HI)) systems. Second, we will examine the evidence that other substituted phenethylamines are also neurotoxic to certain transmitter systems. Last, we will examine the behavioral and pharmacological consequences of neurotoxicity that result from exposure to some of these amphetamine-related drugs. 

Seiden, L.S. Fischman, M.W. and Schuster, C.R. Long-term methamphetamine induced changes in brain catecholamine in tolerant rhesus monkeys. Drug Alcohol Depend 1 215-219, 1975-76. 

Buening, M.E., and Gibb, J.W. Influence of methamphetamine and neuroleptic drugs on tyrosine hydroxylase activity. Eur J Pharmacol 26 30-34, 1974. 

This work was supported by U.S. Public Health Service grants DA 00869 and DA 04222. The National Institute of Drug Abuse contributed the methamphetamine hydrochloride. MDMA, and MDA, NOVO Industrials is acknowledged for contributing GBR 12909. 

The drugs 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-methyl-enedioxyamphetamine (MDA) are ring-substituted derivatives of methamphetamine and amphetamine, respectively. These methylenedioxy-substituted amphetamines have been reported to exhibit both stimulant and psychotomimetic properties (Anderson et al. 1978 Braun et al. 1980 ... 

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