Drug resistance detection

Palomino JC, Martin A, Portaels F. Rapid drug resistance detection in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A review of calorimetric methods. Clin Microbiol Infect 2007 13 754-62. 

Shaw T, Bartholomeusz A, Locamini S (2006) HBV drug resistance mechanisms, detection and interpretation. J Hepatol 44 593-606... 

Kieffer TL, Finucane MM, Nettles RE, Quinn TC, Broman KW, Ray SC, Persaud D, SUiciano RF (2004) Genotypic analysis of HIV-1 drug resistance at the limit of detection virus production without evolution in treated adults with undetectable HIV loads. J Infect Dis 189(8) 1452-1465 Kinoshita S, Su L, Amano M, Timmerman LA, Kaneshima H, Nolan GP (1997) The T cell activation factor NF-ATc positively regulates HIV-1 replication and gene expression in T cells. Immunity 6(3) 235-244... 

Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, also known as MXR or ABCP), first cloned from mitoxantrone and anthracycline-resistant breast and colon cancer cells [188, 189] is a half-transporter efflux pump believed to function as a homo-or hetero-dimer. Following its identification, BCRP-mediated drug resistance was observed for topoisomerase inhibitors including camptothecins [190, 191] and in-dolocarbazoles [192]. In normal tissues, BCRP was detected in placental syncytio-trophoblasts, hepatocyte canalicular membrane, apical intestinal epithelia and vascular endothelial cells [193]. These findings support the important role BCRP plays in modulating topotecan bioavailability, fetal exposure and hepatic elimination [194]. Considering that the substrates and tissue distributions for BCRP overlap somewhat with MDR1 and MRPs [195], additional studies will be required to define the relative contribution of each of these transporters in the overall and tis-... 

Rifaximin selected resistant Gram-positive cocci mutants more easily under aerobic conditions than in an anaerobic atmosphere [46, 48]. In comparison with Gram-positive microorganisms, drug-resistant Gramnegative bacilli were rarely detected [46, 48],... 

After over half a century of chemotherapy research, cancer remains one of the most difficult life-threatening diseases to treat, a consequence of factors that include limitations of animal models, tiunour diversity, drug resistance and the side effects of therapy. Although there have been successes, most notably in treatment of testicular cancer [1], chemotherapy can currently still offer only a modest increase in survival time in the majority of advanced disease cases [2], The incidence of cancer is increasing due to ageing populations in most countries, and it has been estimated that in 20 years time there will be 20 million new cancer patients worldwide each year [3]. An optimistic view, however, is that in the coming decades advances in prevention, detection and treatment will see cancer becoming considered not as a fatal but as a chronic disease [3]. 

This type of resistance, detectable in vitro under anaerobic conditions, is known from laboratory-induced strains that lack drug activating pathways. 

Microbiology — Commercial assays are now available for identification of Candida, Psuedomonas, Staphylococcus, and Enterococcus sp. in smears made from blood cultures, and several tests for detection of specific genes associated with drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus isolates are available in microwell format (3, 4). 

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