Drug effects paradoxical

Too-frequent or excessive use may lead to decreased drug effectiveness and severe, paradoxical bronchoconstriction. 

On the other hand, this procedure does not provide information about drug effects on the components of sleep, for example paradoxical versus slow-wave sleep, or on the cyclical changes which can occur during natural sleep over longer periods (24 hours). 

Contrary to what is expected. A paradoxical drug effect is opposite in direction to what is expected based on the drug s chemical structure. 

Smith SW, Hauben M, Aronson JK. Paradoxical and bidirectional drug effects. Drug Saf 2012 35(3) 173-89. 

Benzodiazepines are the drugs of choice for status epilepticus (see above) however, development of tolerance renders them less suitable for long-term therapy. Clonazepam is used for myoclonic and atonic seizures. Clobazam, a 1,5-benzodiazepine exhibiting an increased anticonvulsant/seda-tive activity ratio, has a similar range of clinical uses. Personality changes and paradoxical excitement are potential side effects. 

Use cautiously in people with acute or chronic respiratory impairment, particularly children, because phenothiazines may suppress the cough reflex. If hypotension occurs, epinephrine is not recommended because phenothiazines may reverse its usual pressor effect and cause a paradoxical further lowering of blood pressure. Because these drugs have an antiemetic action, they may obscure signs of intestinal obstruction, brain tumor, or overdosage of toxic drugs. 

Children (6 years of age and o/c/erj. Start with small doses (eg, 5 mg before breakfast and lunch) with gradual increments of 5 to 10 mg/wk (IR tablets, chewable tablets, and oral solution). Daily dosage above 60 mg is not recommended. If improvement is not observed after dosage adjustment over 1 month, discontinue use. If paradoxical aggravation of symptoms or other adverse effects occurs, reduce dosage or discontinue the drug. 

TBC treatment (i.e., a CD4 count <200 mm disseminated TBC is present). Paradoxical worsening of the TBC after starting treatment, side effects of all the drugs causing non-adherence to ART, drug interactions and liver toxicity are arguments to delay ART in a TB-HIV-co-infected patient for 2 months (after the induction phase is over). 

In view of the effects of the (3-receptor blocking agents on coronary blood flow, it seems paradoxical that these drugs are useful for the prophylactic treatment of... 

Olsalazine sodium (Dipentum) links two 5-ASA molecules with an azo linkage. Following cleavage of the azo linkage in the colon, two 5-ASA molecules are released. Olsalazine is approved for maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis, but a commonly reported side effect is a paradoxical increase in diarrhea. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved balsalazide disodium (Colazal) as a treatment of mild to moderately active ulcerative colitis. Balsalazide... 

Do not take more than 2 inhalations at a time because excessive use decreases the drug s effectiveness and may cause paradoxical bronchoconstriction... 

Paradoxically, perhaps, DA antagonists have antidepressant properties (Robertson and Trimble 1982]. Controlled trials have established that some neuroleptics have antidepressant effects characterized by an early onset of action and relative lack of side effects. Furthermore, two drugs that are chemically related to the established neuroleptics loxapine and flupentixol and that retain substantial DA antagonism are marketed in various countries... 

Paradoxical effects cognitive impairment and perseverative behavior are occasionally seen in children treated with psychostimulants. According to Greenhill et al. (1999) such phenomena are indicative of a drug overdose and will improve at dose reduction. Constriction of attention or overfocusing as a consequence of treatment with psychostimulants has been another critical issue (Breggin, 1999). Based on an extensive review of the literature and their own experience, Wilens and Biederman (1992) assert that there is no evidence of such phenomena at doses up to 1.0 mg/kg of methylphenidate. 

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