Drop-in biofuels

Abe, T., Hieda, S., 1990. Process for Preparing Unsaturated Carboxylic Acid or Ester Thereof. EP patent 0379691. AFDC, 2012. Drop-In Biofuels. Alternative Fuel Data Center, Department of Energy, Washington, DC. http //www. afdc.energy.gov/fuels/emergingdropin biofuels.htinl. 

Bioethanol is mainly used in car engines, but it can also be used in tractors, planes, and boats. In flexible-fuel or flex-fuel vehicles, it is used as a drop-in biofuel in this case the fuels for the propulsion of the vehicle are interchangeable. Due to the significantly low freezing point, it cannot be used as a jet fuel. 

Bohre, A., Dutta, S., Saha, B., Mahdi, M.A., 2015. Upgrading furfural to drop-in biofuels an overview. ACS Sustainable Chemistry Engineering, http //dx.doi.org/10.1021/acssus... 

Bohre A, Dutta S, Saha B, Abu-OmarMM. Upgrading furfurals to drop-in biofuels an overview. 71CS Sustain Chem Eng. 2015 3 1263-1277. 

Farming acreage for biofuels dropped in the early 1990s, but has increased 10-15% since then. The U.S. Department of Energy projected in 1989 that biomass could potentially become the world s largest single energy source if intervention to protect the climate takes place. 

Cellulosic and hemicellulosic feedstocks may be converted into 100+ chemicals, among them drop-in products but also several novel chemicals. Aside from biofuels and their precursors, they may be classified as end products, platform chemicals, monomers, and chemical intermediates (leading to a specific end-product). Some of these are already produced commercially from carbohydrates whereas others are currently petroleum or natural gas derived. Most of the chemicals described here are not produced commercially to date. 

GVL 73, itself a potential biofuel, is also a starting material for pentanoate esters ( valeric biofuels ) that have been shown to have outstanding fuel properties [213]. GVL-derived pentanoic acid 80 can be catalytically upgraded by decarboxylative ketonization to 5-nonanone 81, which can then be variously processed to nonane 82 and other hydrocarbons [214, 215], GVL has also been converted to butenes over a silica-alumina catalyst, which are then oligomerized on H-ZSM-5 or Amberlyst-70 to give a mixture of Cg-Cie alkenes that can be hydrogenated to drop-in fuels (Scheme 27) [216]. 

In the production of bioethanol, sugar is fermented, yielding low concentrated alcohol solutions that are recovered from the broth by ultrafiltration or pervaporation membranes. Ultrafiltration and pervaporation of bioethanol from fermentation broth are IG biofuel processes. As in all bioreactor-coupled membrane processes, membrane fouling and drop in permeate fluxes during continuous operation are the main concerns. 

Creation of a granted demand by requiring mandatory blending of biofuels in conventional fuels (drop-in concept) that can be expanded further by promoting the use of higher blending levels and even the use of pure biofuel. 

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