Drinking water, state

State of California Health and Welfare Agency Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986. 

All the PMBs are Hsted on the U.S. EPA s Toxic Substances Control Act NonConfidential Chemical Substances Inventory (Table 8). In the early to mid-1980s, pseudocumene, mesitylene, hemimellitene, and trimethylbenzene were coveted by TSCA Section 8(a) Preliminary Assessment Information Rule (PAIR) reporting requirements (22) and by TSCA Section 8(d) for health and safety data (23). Mesitylene is the subject of a test rule subacute oral toxicity and subchtonic oral toxicity in tats were underway in 1994 (24). The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) allows monitoring for pseudocumene and mesitylene at the discretion of the State (25). Of the PMBs, only pseudocumene is subject to SARA Tide III section 313 annual release reporting (26). 

Environmental Levels and Exposures. Barium constitutes about 0.04% of the earth s cmst (47). Agricultural soils contain Ba " in the range of several micrograms per gram. The Environmental Protection Agency, under the Safe Drinking Water Act, has set a limit for barium of 1 mg/L for municipal waters in the United States. 

Drinking water suppHed to carbonated soft drink manufacturing faciUties from private or municipal sources must comply with all regulatory requirements. Treated water must meet all U.S. Environmental Protection Agency primary maximum contaminant levels and may also be subject to additional state requirements. Treated water is routinely analyzed for taste, odor, appearance, chlorine, alkalinity, iron, pH, total dissolved soHds, hardness, and microbiological contamination. 

The United States has the most laws regarding environmental safety and health. The National Environmental PoHcy Act (NEPA) of 1969 has resulted in the following acts Eederal Insecticides, Eungicide and Rodenticide (EIERA), Resource Conservation and Recovery (RCRA), Superfund (CERCLA), Superfund Amendments and Reauthori2ation Act (SARA) Plus Tide III, Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA), Clean Water (CWA), Water Quahty, Safe Drinking Water (SDWA), and Waste Minimi2ation and Control. 

States have made substantial recent progress in the adoption, and EPA approval, of toxic pollutant water-quahty standards. Furthermore, virtually all states have at least proposed new toxics criteria for priority toxic pollutants since Section 303 (c) (2) (B) was added to the CWA in February of 1987. Unfortunately, not all such state proposals address, in a comprehensive manner, the requirements or Section 303 (c) (2) (B). For example, some states have proposed to adopt criteria to protect aquatic hfe, but not human health other states have proposed human health criteria that do not address major exposure pathways (such as the combination of both fish consumption and drinking water). In addition, in some cases final adoption or proposed state toxics criteria that would be approved by EPA has been substantially delayed due to controversial and difficult issues associated with the toxic pollutant criteria adoption process. 

If yourfacility has a permit to inject a waste containing the toxic chemical into Class 1 deep wells, enter the 12-digit Underground Injection Well Code (UlC) identification number assigned by EPA or by the State under the authority of the Sate Drinking Water Act. If your facility does not hold such a p>ermit(s), enter not applicable, NA, in Section 3.1 la. You are only required to provide the UlC number for wells that receive the toxic chemical being reported. 

Federal authority to establish standards for drinking water systems originated with the enactment by Congress in 1883 of the Interstate Quarantine Act, which authorized the Director of the United States Public Health Services (USPHS) to establish and enforce regulations to prevent the introduction, transmission, or spread of communicable diseases. 

Today resource limitations have caused the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to reassess schedules for new rules. A 1987 USEPA survey indicated there were approximately 202,000 public water systems in the United States. About 29 percent of these were community water systems, which serve approximately 90 percent of the population. Of the 58,908 community systems that serve about 226 million people, 51,552 were classified as "small" or "very small." Each of these systems at an average serves a population of fewer than 3300 people. The total population served by these systems is approximately 25 million people. These figures provide us with a magnitude of scale in meeting drinking water demands in the United States. Compliance with drinking water standards is not... 

A National Secondary Drinking Water Regulation (NSDWR or secondary standard) is a non-enforceable guideline regarding contaminants that may cause cosmetic effects (such as skin or tooth discoloration) or aesthetic effects (such as taste, odor, or color) in drinking water. EPA recommends secondary standards to water systems but does not require systems to comply. However, states may choose to adopt them as enforceable standards. This information focuses on national primary standards. 

Each water system must certiiy, in writing, to the state (using third-party or manufacturer s certification) that when acrylamide and epichlorohydrin are used in drinking water systems, the combination (or product) of dose and monomer level does not exceed the levels specified, as follows ... 

At present, chlorine dioxide is primarily used as a bleaching chemical in the pulp and paper industry. It is also used in large amounts by the textile industry, as well as for the aching of flour, fats, oils, and waxes. In treating drinking water, chlorine dioxide is used in this country for taste and odor control, decolorization, disinfection, provision of residual disinfectant in water distribution systems, and oxidation of iron, manganese, and organics. The principal use of chlorine dioxide in the United States is for the removal of taste and odor caused by phenolic compounds in raw water supplies. 

Ozone applications in the United States for drinking water are far fewer than in Europe. However, the potential market is large, if environmental or health needs ever conclude that an alternate disinfectant to chlorine should be required. Although energy costs of ozonation are higher than those for chlorination, they may be comparable to combined costs of chlorination dechlorination-reaeration, which is a more equivalent technique. One of ozone s greatest potential uses is for municipal wastewater disinfection. 

The Safe Drinking Water Act protects the quality of drinking water in the IJ.S. This law focu.ses on all waters actually or potentially designated for drinking use, whether above or below ground. The Act authorized EPA to establish safe standards of purity and required all owners or operators of public water systems to comply with primary (health-related) standards. State governments, that assume this power from EPA, also encourage attainment of secondary standards (nuisance-related). 

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