Drinking water exposure level

NA/IMCO North America/Intemational Maritime Dangerous Goods Code DWEL Drinking Water Exposure Level... 

Drinking Water Exposure Level EPA = Environmental Protection Agency FSTRAC = Federal-State Toxicology and Regulatory Alliance Committee mT = metric ton, NATICH = National Air Toxics Clearinghouse ... 

Also reported are drinking water equivalent levels (DWELs). The DWEL is defined by the U.S. EPA as a lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, noncancer health effects that assumes all exposure to a contaminant is derived from drinking water. 

Although dietary lead intakes in the UK are currently well within recommended intakes, it is the UK Government s policy to ensure that exposure to lead is reduced wherever practicable and, more specifically, to reduce blood lead levels in children to below 10 pg/dl. Food is one of the major sources of lead exposure in the UK the others are air (mainly lead dust originating from petrol) and drinking water. Exposure from all of these sources has been reduced, as demonstrated by the reduction in blood levels over the past 15 years.10 The decrease in dietary exposure reflects the success of the measures taken to reduce lead exposure and contamination of food, such as the use of lead-free petrol, welded food cans, and the banning of tin-coated lead capsules for wine bottles. 

CDWEL Drinking water equivalent level. A lifetime exposure concentration protective of adverse, non-cancer health... 

Federal regulations require that fluoride not exceed a concentration of 4.0 mg L"1 in drinking water. Chronic exposure to levels above 4.0 mg L-1 may result in some cases of crippling skeletal fluorosis, a serious bone disorder. Fluoride in children s drinking water at levels of approximately 1 mg L-1 reduces the number of dental cavities. Federal law also requires that notification take place when monitoring indicates that the fluoride exceeds 2.0 mg L 1. 

The principal sources of exposure to vinylidene chloride in the environment are ambient air especially near industrial sources and contaminated drinking water. Exposure can occur through inhalation, ingestion, and eye or skin contact. Air releases account for 99% of the total environmental releases. Ambient levels are primarily from emissions from polymer synthesis and fabrication industries, mostly... 

Target tissues. Reasonable agreement was achieved between the model and experimental data for 2-butoxyacetic acid levels in the blood of rats after gavage exposure and in the urine of rats after drinking water exposure, respiratory uptake of 2-butoxyethanol, total amount metabolized, and total 2-butoxyacetic acid excreted after inhalation exposure of rats, as long as the doses were below those that caused hemolysis. In humans, reasonable agreement was achieved between the model and experimental data for respiratory uptake, the area under the curve for 2-butoxyethanol blood concentration-time, and the amount of 2-butoxyacetic acid excreted in the urine after inhalation exposure (Corley et al. 1994). 

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