Dose sparing

Diwan M, Elamanchili P, Cao M, Samuel J (2004) Dose sparing of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide vaccine adjuvants by nanoparticle delivery. Curr Drug Deliv 1 405 12. 

NSAID dose-sparing potential combination of tramadol with NSAIDs for the management of chronic pain has the potential to reduce NSAID requirements, while providing more effective pain relief... 

Labor pain epidural clonidine has been shown to have a dose-sparing effect on local anesthetic requirements of laboring women but there are insufficient data to determine adverse neonatal effects. 

Reduction in adverse events the dose-sparing effect of clonidine on other neuraxial medications can potentially minimize the overall side effects of the analgesic regimen. Micturation is not delayed by neuraxial clonidine as it is with the most commonly used neuraxial analgesics, namely local anesthetics and opioids. 

Wee JL, Scheerlinck IP, Snibson KJ, Edwards S, Pearse M, Quitm C, Sutton P (2008) Pulmonary delivery of ISCOMATRIX influenza vaccine induces both systemic and mucosal immunity with antigen dose sparing. Mucosal Immunol l(6) 489-496... 

PICHERIT C, CHANTERANNE B, BENNETAU-PELISSERO C, DAVICCO M-J, LEBECQUE P, BARLET J-P and COXAM V (2001b) Dose-dependent bone-sparing effects of dietary isoflavones in the ovariectomized rat Br J Nutr 85, 307-16. 

The rate of product to be applied is the critical factor affecting all residue studies. The rate should be the highest recommended rate for that particular crop and should be applied at the limit of the GAP for the specific crop. The test item should ideally be pre-weighed in a laboratory prior to making the application. In most cases, this procedure results in easier accountability of test items, more accurate measurement of required doses, and more accurate application in the field since only the correct amount of water is required to be added by the field operator. This procedure also reduces the quantity of test item required and hence reduces the waste, which has to be disposed of. An additional spare sample, which is weighed at the same time in case of mishap with the original sample may be prepared. 

Doses should be titrated at intervals no more frequent than every 2 to 3 days. Because spironolactone is used for its antialdosterone effects, much higher doses (up to 400 mg/day) are used than those used when treating hypertension. If intolerable side effects such as gynecomastia occur with spironolactone, other potassium-sparing diuretics may be used, but clinical trials have not shown equivalent efficacy.22... 

A recent study showed THC to be toxic to hippocampal neurons, while sparing cortical neurons in concentrations likely to be reached in normal human doses (0.5 pM) (Chan et al. 1998). Apoptotic changes were noted in the hippocampus such as shrinkage of neuronal cell bodies and nuclei as well as DNA strand breaks. THC stimulates release of arachidonic acid, and it was hypothesized that this neurotoxic effect is mediated by cyclooxygenase pathways and free radical generation. In support of this, the toxicity is inhibited by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin, and antioxidants such as vitamin E. 

While the safe upper limit of QT is not defined, it is suggested that the interval not be permitted to exceed 0.52 seconds during treatment. If dose reduction does not eliminate the excessive prolongation, stop the drug. If concomitant diuretics are needed, consider low doses and the addition or primary use of a potassium-sparing diuretic and monitor serum potassium. 

Hepatic cirrhosis-The usual initial dose is 5 or 10 mg once daily oral or IV, administered together with an aldosterone antagonist or a potassium-sparing diuretic. If the diuretic response is inadequate, titrate the dose upward by approximately doubling until the desired diuretic response is obtained. Single doses greater than 40 mg have not been adequately studied. 

Children-A dose of 1 to 2 mg/kg twice/day has been recommended. Hypokalemia 25 to 100 mg/day. Useful in treating diuretic-induced hypokalemia when oral potassium supplements or other potassium-sparing regimens are considered inappropriate. 

Concomitant therapy - Concomitant therapy with other second-line drugs (eg, gold salts) demonstrates additional therapeutic benefit. Use with partially effective doses of corticosteroids for a steroid-sparing effect and result in greater improvement is not established. 

---